Type 1 Diabetes Mellitus and Metabolism

These flashcards cover essential concepts, symptoms, complications, management strategies, and care considerations for Type 1 Diabetes Mellitus related to metabolism.

What is Type 1 Diabetes Mellitus (T1D)?

A disorder characterized by autoimmune destruction of beta cells in the pancreas, leading to insulin deficiency.

What are the classic symptoms of Type 1 Diabetes Mellitus?

Polyuria, polydipsia, polyphagia, weight loss, malaise, fatigue, blurred vision, dehydration, hypotension, and tachycardia.

What causes the pathophysiology of Type 1 Diabetes Mellitus?

Destruction of beta cells of the islets of Langerhans, beginning with insulinitis due to autoimmune processes.

What role do the islets of Langerhans play in glucose regulation?

They include alpha cells that produce glucagon, beta cells that produce insulin, and delta cells that produce somatostatin.

What are some complications associated with Type 1 Diabetes Mellitus?

Complications include hypoglycemia, diabetic ketoacidosis, microvascular and macrovascular complications, increased susceptibility to infection, and depression.

How does diabetic ketoacidosis (DKA) occur in Type 1 Diabetes Mellitus?

It occurs due to absolute insulin deficiency and increased counterregulatory hormones, leading to elevated blood glucose and ketone production.

What factors affect blood glucose levels?

Physical activity, dietary intake, stress, infections, medications, and adherence to insulin regimen.

What are the key goals for managing Type 1 Diabetes Mellitus?

Maintain blood glucose within the prescribed range, educate patients about diabetes management, encourage healthy eating, and promote physical activity.

What is the significance of hemoglobin A1c in diabetes management?

It reflects average blood glucose levels over the past 2-3 months and helps to assess long-term glucose control.

What is a common dietary recommendation for managing Type 1 Diabetes Mellitus?

Include a variety of foods, high in nutrients, and low in calories, while managing carbohydrate intake.

What are the main insulin types used in the management of Type 1 Diabetes Mellitus?

Rapid-acting, short-acting, intermediate-acting, and long-acting insulin.

How does exercise affect blood glucose levels in individuals with Type 1 Diabetes Mellitus?

Exercise can lower blood glucose levels, but may require increased carbohydrate intake or reduced insulin dosage to prevent hypoglycemia.

What is the importance of sick-day management in diabetes care?

To prevent complications like DKA during illness through monitoring blood glucose, hydration, and maintaining insulin administration.

What are the key considerations for older adults with Type 1 Diabetes Mellitus?

They may face complexities such as cognitive impairment, increased risk of vascular diseases, and unique symptoms that may differ from younger populations.

What interdisciplinary team members are important in managing Type 1 Diabetes Mellitus?

Primary care providers, dietitians, certified diabetes educators, school nurses, and potentially social workers.