AP Hug Unit 4

State

An area organized into a political unit and ruled by an established government that has control over its internal and foreign afters.

What is an example of a State?

USA

Self-determination

The concept that ethnicity have the right to govern themselves

What is an example of self-determination?

Basque in Spain

Nation-state

A state whose territory corresponds to that occupied by a particular nation.

What is an example of a Nation-state?

Japan. 98% of Japan's population is Japaneses. Ireland and Germany are also examples. 90% of the population identify themselves as Irish or German.

Stateless nation

A group of people who share a culture language, and history, but are not independent.

What is an example of a stateless nation?

Palestinians

Multinational state

A state that contains two or more cultural groups with traditions of self-determination that agrees to coexist peacefully by recognizing each other as distinct nationalities.

What is an example of multinational state?

Canada

Multi state Nation

Consists of a nation of people that live in more than one state.

What is an example of Multi state Nation

Kurdish

Autonomous Region

A location within a state what is given authority to govern independently from the national government.

What is an example of an Autonomous Region?

Hong Kong (China)

Semi autonomous Region

A territory within a large country that has some degree of self-governance but remains subject to the central government.

What is an example of Semi autonomous Region

Puerto Rico (United States)

Sovereignty

A state's authority to control its territory and govern itself.

What is an example of sovereignty?

U.S establishes and enforces its own law.

Colonialism

An attempt by one country to establish settlements and to impose its political, economic, and cultural principles in another territory.

What is an example Colonialism?

Great Britain actions in the 1800s

Imperialism

The policy or practice of extending a nation's power and influence over others. Often by force.

What is an example of Imperialism?

The European "Scramble for Africa"

Independence Movment

A collective effort by a region within a state to gain complete political autonomy.

What is an example of Independence Moment?

Indians push from Britain's rule.

Devolution

Due to centrifugal forces, power is shifted from the central government or administration to regional authorities which are usually reflective of nations.

What is an example of Devolution

United Kingdom granting Scotland and Wales their own parliaments.

Neocolonialism

The use of economic, political, cultural, or other pressures in order to control or influence other countries.

What is an example of Neocolonialism?

China economic engagement in Africa.

Shatterbelt

Instability within a region that is geographically located between states within overlapping territoriality and political power.

What is an example of Shatterbelt?

Eastern Europe, particularly the Balkan Peninsula

Choke Point

A strategic strait or canal which is narrow, hard to pass through and has competition for use.

Territoriality

The effort by individuals or groups to exert control over a specific geographic area, asserting ownership, identity, and authority, often by establishing boundaries and managing resources.

What is an example of Territoriality?

A nation-state establishing borders and laws to control people and resources within itself.

Relic Boundaries

Borders that no longer exist, but has left some imprinted on the local cultural or environmental geography.

What is an example of Relic Boundaries?

Boundaries between East Germany and West German during the Cold War.

superimposed boundary

Borders that is drawn over existing and accepted borders by an outside force.

What is an example of superimposed boundary?

The Berlin Conference imposed arbitrary boundaries

Subsequent Boundary

Borders that are drawn in areas that have been settled by people, typically due to changes that have occurred over time.

What is an example of a Subsequent Boundary?

Boundaries in Europe have changed frequently throughout history usually in response to a new empire, war, or political agreement.

Antecedent Boundary

Borders that are established before there has been major settlement by people in a territory.

What is an example of Antecedent Boundary?

49th Parallel that separates the US and Canada

Geometric Boundary

Borders that are established on straight lines of latitude and longitude instead of physical or cultural boundaries.

What is an example of Geometric Boundary?

The Sykes-picot agreement, Europeans split up the Arab province of the Ottoman Empire after WW1

Consequent Boundary

Type of subsequent boundary - takes into account the existing cultural distribution of the people living in the territory and redevelops boundary lines to more closely align with cultural boundaries.

What is an example of Consequent Boundary?

Nunavut and the rest of Canada - drawn in 1999, established a province that coincided with indigenous groups.

Defined Boundary

Countries legally define and agree to where borders are located through an agreement or treaty.

What is an example of Defined Boundary?

The Oregon Treaty

Delimited Boundary

Identifying the location of the defined boundaries on a map. Usually at the same time that boundaries are defined and done through a legal designation.

What is an example of Delimited Boundary?

49th Boundary

Demarcated Boundary

Visible marking of the land space with objects such as fences or signs.

What is an example of a Demarcated Boundary?

The Demilitarized Zone (DMZ) between North and South Korea.

Administered Boundary

Legal management of the border through laws, immigration regulations, documentations, and prosecution.

What is an example of Administered Boundary?

U.S Mexico Border

Demilitarized Zone

A buffer area between hostile states or groups where military forces, equipment, and activities are forbidden by treaty or agreement, serving to prevent conflict escalation and often becoming a defector boundary.

What is an example of a Demilitarized Zone?

Korean Demilitarized Zone Between North and South Korea.

Voting District

A geographic term used by state and local governments to organize elections. Drawn by the state legislature,

What is an example of Voting District?

California's 42nd Congressional District

Redistricting

State's internal political boundaries that determine voting districts for the US House of Representatives and the State Legislature. Redrawn to accurately reflect the new census data.

What is an example of Redistricting?

Maryland's 3rd Congressional District

Gerrymandering

Redistricting for a political advantage, when the political party that controls a majority of seats in the state legislature draws political district boundaries to maintain or extend their political power.

What is an example of Gerrymandering?

The packing of majority votes into a single district (North Carolina's 12th district 1990s)

Packing

Clustering like-minded voters in a single district, thereby allowing the other party to win the remaining districts.

Cracking

Dispersing like-minded voters among multiple districts in order to minimize their impact and prevent them from gaining a majority.

Representative

The idea, in which the voting districts are equal in population, contagious, and compact. They are truly representative of the people living in the district.

Unitary State

A style of government in which the power is located centrally and the purpose of regional or local units is to carry out policy.

What is an example of a Unitary State?

Japan

Federal State

A style of government in which power is shared between central regional, and local government, Regional and local governments have autonomy and authority to administer their spaces in order to account for needs of driven groups.

Ethnic Separatism

A movement where a distinct ethnic group within a larger multi-ethnic state seeks self-rule, autonomy, or independence.

What is an example of Ethnic Separatism?

Basque or Catalan Movement in Spain

Ethnic Cleansing

State governments attacking an ethnic group in an attempt to try to eliminate them through expulsion, imprisonment, or mass murder.

What is an example of Ethnic Cleansing?

Holocaust

Berlin Conference

A pivotal meeting where European powers established rules for colonizing and divided Africa, Formalizing the "Scramble for Africa" by creating artificial borders without African input, which ignored existing ethnic and cultural boundaries.

Land Boundary

A defined, invisible line marking the limited of a state's or political entity's territory control, establishing sovereignty and jurisdiction, often created through legal agreements and categorized by origin (physical, cultural, geometric) or creation process (antecedent, subsequent, superimposed).

What is an example of Land Boundary?

The 49th Parallel

Maritime Boundary

A legally defined line that divides ocean space, establishes a country's exclusive right and jurisdiction over adjacent sea areas, crucial for resource control trade, and navigation.

United Nations Convention of the Laws of the Sea

(UNCLOS)

The rights and responsibilities of nations in the use of international waters, established territorial seas, and exclusive economic Zones.

What is an example of UNCLOS

EEZs

International Waters

Parts of the ocean beyond any countries territorial sea or Exclusive Economic Zone.

What is an example of International Waters?

The High Seas

Territorial Sea

12 nautical miles from the continent. Complete sovereignty over the water and air space. Permission of "innocent passage" of foreign ships.

What is an example of Territorial Sea?

The cost 12 miles off of the US

Exclusive Economic Zone (EEZ)

200 nautical miles. A state has special right over the exploration and use of marine resources such as fishing, whaling, as well as natural resources like natural gas, oil, energy.

terrorism

Organized violence aimed at government and civilian targets intended to create fear in order to accomplish political aims. Most commonly utilized by non-government groups with no army, (ethnic separatists) in order to achieve recognition or power.

What is an example of Terrorism?

9/11

Irredentism

A majority ethnic group wants to claim territory from a neighboring state due to a shared culture with the people residing across the border. Reunification of multi state nation.

What is an example of Irredentism?

Russians in Ukraine and other former soviet republics

Supra nationalism

The process where three or more countries form an organization or alliance to achieve common goals—such as economic, military, or political cooperation—thereby yielding a portion of their sovereignty to a higher authority.

What is an example of Supra nationalism?

The European Union

Democratization

The process of transitioning a government or society from an authoritarian, non-democratic system to a more democratic one, where power is held by the people and free, fair elections are introduced.

What is an example of Democratization?

The end of Apartheid in South America, 1994

Economies of scale

The cost advantages that businesses or industries gain as they increase their production levels.

What is an example of Economies of scale?

Dairy Farms being able to afford machines

Trade Agreements

The formal, binding, and legal pacts between two or more countries or trading blocs designed to reduce or eliminate trade barriers to facilitate the exchange of goods, services, and investments.

What is an example of trade agreements?

tariffs, quotas, and regulations

Military Alliances

A formal, treaty-based agreement between two or more sovereign states to provide mutual support, defense, or security in case of armed conflict.

What is an example of Military Alliances?

North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO)

Supranational Organizations

An alliance of three or more states that work together in pursuit of common goals.

What is an example of Supranational Organizations?

UN, NATO, The European Union, ASEAN, The Arctic council, The African Union, OPEC

United Nations

A prominent supranational organization founded in 1945, comprising 193 member states, dedicated to maintaining international peace, security, and cooperation