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What is anaerobic respiration?
Anaerobic respiration is the process of producing ATP in the absence of oxygen, yielding only 2 ATP molecules per glucose molecule.
Where does anaerobic respiration occur?
Anaerobic respiration occurs in the cytoplasm of the cell.
What conditions favor anaerobic respiration?
Anaerobic respiration occurs in oxygen-deprived environments like deep soil, waterlogged soils, and the gastrointestinal tracts of animals.
What types of organisms perform anaerobic respiration?
Many bacteria, archaea, and some eukaryotic cells (like muscle cells during intense exercise) can perform anaerobic respiration.
What is fermentation?
Fermentation is a type of anaerobic respiration where organic molecules serve as the final electron acceptor.
What are the two main types of fermentation?
The two main types of fermentation are alcohol fermentation and lactic acid fermentation.
Which organisms perform alcohol fermentation?
Yeasts and some types of bacteria perform alcohol fermentation.
What happens during alcohol fermentation?
Glycolysis produces 2 ATP and 2 NADH, then pyruvate is converted into ethanol and CO₂, regenerating NAD⁺ for glycolysis.
Which organisms perform lactic acid fermentation?
Muscle cells during intense exercise, some fungi, and bacteria (e.g., Lactobacillus) perform lactic acid fermentation.
What happens during lactic acid fermentation?
Glycolysis produces 2 ATP and 2 NADH, then pyruvate is converted into lactic acid (lactate), regenerating NAD⁺ for glycolysis.
What occurs to lactic acid in muscle cells after intense exercise?
Lactic acid accumulates, causing muscle fatigue and soreness; it is later transported to the liver, where it is converted back to pyruvate.
What is the Cori cycle?
The Cori cycle is the process of converting lactic acid back to glucose in the liver and returning it to the muscles.
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