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long-lot settlement pattern
linear settlement pattern where each farmstead is at one end of rectangular lot
each lot has access to major linear resource (usually river, major road)
material culture
physical objects made and used
nonmaterial culture
non physical elements of culture
e.g. beliefs, values, myths, symbolic meanings
cultural trait
aspect of a culture
local culture
rural
ethnically homogenous
deeply connected to local land
polar opposite of popular culture
indigenous culture
local culture no longer the dominant ethnic group within homeland bc of migration, colonization, or political marginalization
popular culture
heterogeneous
shaped by key urban areas
quick to adopt new technology
polar opposite of local culture
cultural attitudes
shaped by cultural opinions, beliefs and perspectives
language
mutually agreed upon system of communication
polyglots
ppl fluent in more than 2 languages
religion
structured set of beliefs and practices that ppl use to seek mental and physical harmony w/ universe
ethnic group
ppl w/ shared ancestry and cultural traditions
race
historically defined by physical characteristics, especially skin color
ethnic geography
study of spatial aspects of ethnicity
multiculturalism
promoting active participation and inclusion of minority groups
ethnocentrism
evaluation of others’ cultures w/ own’s culture in mind
cultural relativism
seeks to understand culture from a wider perspective of cultural logic
physical landscape
natural physical surroundings that shape society
placelessness
feeling resulting from standardization of built environment
modernist architecture
functional, rational, orderly style
postmodern architecture
reaction against modernist style
creates spectacle while serving multiple functions
sequent occupance
refers to many places being affected by variety of groups over time
left history of different land uses
sacred spaces
sites that have religious meaning and seen as important
secular
less influenced by religion
subculture
group of ppl w/ distinct norms, values and material practices that make them different
sense of place
ppl’s perception of a place
shaped by cultural landscape
placemaking
efforts used to design public places to better serve residents’ needs and foster a stronger community
centripetal forces
brings ppl together and unifies society
e.g. language
centrifugal forces
brings ppl apart
e.g. religion
secularization
process where religion becomes less dominant force in daily life
diffusion
pattern where ideas and practices spread from a location to another thru space and time
absorbing barriers
completely stop diffusion of a cultural trait
permeable barriers
slow diffusion but still allow partial or weakened diffusion
pidgin language
trade language
characterized by very small vocabulary derived from at least 2 or more groups in contact
e.g. Tok Pisin, Chinese Pidgin English
creole language
language with a fuller vocabulary than pidgin
becomes native language for speakers
creolization
linguistic process where languages intersect and create new languages
lingua franca
languages of communication and commerce spoken across a wide area where it’s not a native language
bilingualism
ability to speak 2 languages fluently
empires
sovereign political bodies that seek to expand their land to control more territory politically or economically
imperialism
expanding country’s influence and land by diplomacy or military force
colonialism
controlling a foreign territory (colony) and sending settlers to reside in the colony
effects of colonialism*
changes culture of those colonized
e.g. Mexico’s official language = Spanish
colonizer’s origin country can also change
e.g. London’s Hindu temples
genocide
systematic killing of members of a racial, ethnic, or linguistic group
effects of urbanization*
popular cultures often inspired by urban centers
e.g. Seoul having a greater cultural impact bc it’s more well known
effects of globalization*
introduce new values
networking
local environment can be threatened
time-space convergence
when introduction of new transportation reduces time it takes to travel
effects of technology*
challenges English as dominant language
modify way we communicate
e.g. emojis
endangered languages
not taught to children by parents and not actively used in everyday life
extinct languages
only a few elderly speakers still living or no living speakers
convergence hypothesis
idea that cultures are becoming more alike
glocalization
adapting global practices to fit local cultural practices and preferences
e.g. Chinese KFC offers youtiao
culture hearth
focused geographical area where important innovations are born and spread from
language family
group of related languages sharing common ancestry
dialect
regional variation that makes mutual comprehension possible
accent
way of pronouncing words
monotheistic
relating to belief in only one god
universalizing religion
actively seeks new members and believes its msg has universal importance
ethnic religion
identified w/ particular ethnic or tribal group and doesn’t seek converts
proselytic
describes religion spreading its msg thru missionary work
Indo-European language family*
most spoken
dominant in Europe, Russia, Americas, Australia
moved by relocation and expansion diffusion
Sino-Tibetan language family*
second to Indo-European of native speakers
extends thru China and southeast Asia
moved along great Asian rivers
Afro-Asiatic language family*
Semitic languages
Middle East and North Africa
Hamitic languages
North and East Africa
e.g. Semitic: Arabic, Hamitic: Tachelhit in Morocco
toponyms
names given to places
generic toponym
generic part of a toponym
e.g. -ville, -town
Buddhism*
universalizing
began from Hinduism in foothills bordering Ganga Plains
Judaism*
ethnic religion
parent of Christianity
HInduism*
ethnic religion
closely tied to India
polytheistic
belief in many gods
animistic religions
believe souls or spirits exist in animals, plants and other parts of nature
how universalizing religions diffuse*
expansion diffusion
missionary work
relocation diffusion
how ethnic religions diffuse*
relocation diffusion
acculturation
ethnic group adopts enough of the ways of host society, to be able to function economically and socially
assimilation
blending in w/ host culture and loss of many culturally distinctive traits
transculturation
belief that ppl adopt elements of other cultures and contribute elements of own culture
syncretism
blending of beliefs, practices, especially in religious context
syncretic religions
combine elements of multiple religions
orthodox religions
emphasize purity of faith and not open to change in beliefs
Mexican Catholicism*
syncretic religion
indigenous Mexican beliefs blend w/ European Catholicism to create smth new and distinct
Sikhism*
syncretic religion
combines Muslim and Hindu teachings