Endocrine System: Hormones

The hypothalamus releases…

hypothalamic releasing hormone and hypothalamic non-releasing hormone

The anterior pituitary gland releases…

* Prolactin (PRO)
* Growth hormone (GH)
* Adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH)
* Follicle stimulating hormone (FSH)
* Thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH)
* Luteinizing hormone (LH)

the posterior pituitary gland releases…

Antidiurectic hormone (ADH) and Oxytocin

The thyroid gland releases…

Thyroxine (T4), Triiodothyronine (T3), and Calcitonin

The parathyroid gland releases…

Parathyroid hormone (PTH)

The thymus gland releases…

Thymosin

The pineal gland releases…

Melatonin

The pancrease releases…

Glucagon (alpha) and insulin (beta)

The adrenal medulla (part of adrenal gland) releases…

Epinephrine and norepinephrine (fight/fight)

The adrenal cortex (part of adrenal gland) releases…

Minealocorticoids

* eg. Aldosterone

Glucocorticoids

* eg Cortisone and Cortisol

Sex Hormones

* eg Estrogen (f) and androgen (m)

the gonads are … and release…

Ovaries release progesterone and estrogen (f)

Testes release androgen and sperm (testosterone) (m)

Adipose tissue (fat) releases

Leptin and prostaglandins

The kidneys release…

Erythropoietin

Prolactin function

stimulates growth of mammary gland and milk production in a nursing mother

Growth hormone function

help with growth of muscle and bone

Thyroid stimulating hormone function

aids the release of T4 and T3 from the thyroid gland

Follicle stimulating hormone function

aids in production of estrogen and eggs

Luteinizing hormone function

helps regulate ovulation in females and testosterone levels in males

Antidiuretic hormone function

acts on the kidney and decreases urine output

Oxytocin function

aids in the release of milk from breasts, and acts on the uterus, causing uterine contractions

Adrenocorticotropic hormone function

aids the release of steroid hormones form the adrenal cortex

T4 and T3 hormone functions

control energy metabolism and heat production

Thymosin function

aids in the production of white blood cells called T leukocytes or T cells

Calcitonin function

aids in decreasing calcium levels in the blood

Melatonin function

causes feeling of sleepiness, at highest level during the night

epinephrine and norepinephrine function

create an adrenaline rush

Aldosterone function (mineralcorticoid)

stimulates the sodium and water reabsorption by the kidneys and helps regulate blood pressure and plasma levels

Cortisol and Cortisone (gluccocorticoids)

help to promote glucogenesis (fat/amino-acid → glucose)

Insulin (beta)

decrease blood sugar levels

Glucagon

increase blood sugar levels

Androgen (sex hormone)

maintains sexual characteristics

Estrogen (sex hormone)

aids the development of the female reproductive glands and secondary sex characteristics

Testosterone

responsible for sperm production, development of the male reproductive system, and secondary sex changes within puberty

Prostaglandins

regulate the smooth muscle cells that line the blood vessels and respiratory passages, stimulate muscle of the uterus, and activate inflammatory response

Leptin

suppresses appetite and increases energy production

Erythropoietin

stimulates red blood cell production

Estrogen AND Progesterone

regulate the menstrual cycle and promote breast development

parathyroid hormone

increases blood calcium levels

List the major endocrine glands and organs

Anterior Pituitary (Gland), Posterior Pituitary (Gland), Pancreas, Ovaries (female), Testes (male), Pineal Gland, Hypothalamus, Thyroid gland, Thymus gland, Adrenal gland

Acromegaly

anterior pituitary %%hypersecretes%% growth hormone, causing an increase in overall body size

Dwarfism

anterior pituitary gland ^^hyposecretes^^ growth hormone, resulting in adult height of four feet or less

Diabetes Insipidus

^^hyposecretion^^ of antidiuretic hormone (ADH) by the posterior pituitary gland, causing the kidney to increase urine production

Hyperthyroidism

an overactive thyroid

Goiter

enlarged thyroid caused by insufficient amounts of iodine of a thyroid disorder

Graves Disease

an autoimmune disorder that causes an overactive thyroid gland and outward bulging of eyes

Hypothyroidism

Underactive thyroid, caused by thyroiditis

thyroiditis

inflammation of the thyroid

Myxedema

causes weight gain; a swollen, puffy face; low body temp; dry skin; and decreased mental acuity

Neonatal hypothyroidism

occurs in infants and children; may develop congenitally of after birth

Hypercalcemia

a disorder of the parathyroid gland, %%hypersecretion%% of PTH, causing increased blood calcium levels and increased calcium reabsorption by the kidneys

Hypocalcemia

disorder of the parathyroid gland, low blood calcium levels, leads to unstable nerve and muscle membranes. Causes tetany

tetany

sustained muscular contraction

Pheochromocytoma

adrenal medulla disorder, %%hypersecretion%% of epinephrine and norepinephrine which causes high blood pressure, rapid heart rate, weight loss, nervousness, and sleep disturbances

Cushing Syndrome (adrenal cortex)

%%hypersecretion%% of cortisol; causes weight gain, high blood glucose levels, hypertension, and osteoporosis

Addison’s disease (adrenal cortex)

^^hyposecretion^^ of adrenal corticoid hormones; causes muscle atrophy, a bronze skin tone, low blood pressure, kidney damage, hypoglycemia, severe loss of fluids/electrolytes, and a general feeling of weakness

Diabetes mellitus

a condition where the pancreas is unable to produce sufficient amounts of insulin to regulate blood glucose levels. Symptoms include polyuria (urination), polydipsia (thirst), polyphagia (hunger)

Type 1 diabetes mellitus

juvenile-onset

Type 2 diabetes melllitus

adult-onset, insulin resistance, hyperglycemia, and peripheral neuropathy

insulin resistance

pancreas secretes insulin, but body’s insulin receptors are down-regulated, causing elevated blood glucose levels

Hyperglycemia

elevated blood glucose levels

Peripheral Neuropathy

Degenerative state of peripheral nerves marked by muscle weakness and atrophy, pain, and numbness

Which two hormones are direct?

Prolactin and growth hormone

How is the adrenal gland divided?

Into the adrenal cortex and the adrenal medulla

What class of hormone does the adrenal cortex produce

steroid hormones

What class of hormone does the adrenal medulla produce

amino-acid hormones

Where are alpha and beta cells found?

in the Islets of Langerhans in the pancreas

What is produced within the islets of Langerhans?

Insulin and glucagon

What is the normal range for blood glucose levels?

70 - 105 mg/dL

List the Hormones under neural control

Epinephrine and norepinephrine

List Hormones under hormonal control

Hypothalamic releasing, hypothalamic non-releasing

List hormones under humoral control

insulin, glucagon

Thymus location

under the sternum, anterior to the heart

Pancreas location

posterior to the stomach in the abdominal cavity

Adrenal gland location

sit on top of (are superior to) the kidneys

Pineal gland location

in the brain and is pinecone-shaped

Thyroid gland location

below (inferior to) the larynx (or adam’s apple), at the base of the throat)

Parathyroid gland location

(4 glands, 2 pairs) are located on the posterior aspect of the thyroid gland

Pituitary gland location

in the depression of the sphenoid bone and suspended from the hypothalamus by the infundibulum

Hypothalamus location

in the diencephalon in the brain

Testes (males) location

outside of the body and encased by the scrotum (a sac outside the body)

Ovaries (females) location

inside the female pelvic cavity

Kidneys location

on the backside of the abdominal cavity under the lower ribs

Adipose tissue location

distributed throughout the body (under the skin, between organs, etc)

Neural control

nerve fibers stimulate endocrine gland organs to release hormones

Hormonal control

endocrine organs are stimulated by hormones from other endocrine glands; starting with the hypothalamus

Humoral control

levels of various substances in body fluids are monitored for homeostatic imbalance

What gland is only found in children?

thymus gland, it shrinks during puberty

What’s a tropic hormone?

one that does not act directly on a gland, but stimulates other endocrine glands

List the tropic hormones

ACTH, TSH, FSH, LH

target gland/organ of prolactin

mammary gland

target gland/organ of antidiuretic hormone

kidneys

target gland/organ of oxytocin

mammary glands, uterus

target gland/organ of Luteinizing hormone

ovaries/testes

target gland/organ of Growth hormone

all tissues

target gland/organ of thyroid-stimulating hormone

thyroid

TSH is also known as… thyrotropin

thyrotropin

target gland/organ of FSH

ovaries/testes

target gland/organ of melatonin

various tissues

target gland/organ of parathyroid hormone

bone, kidneys, intestines

target gland/organ of calcitonin

bone, kidneys, intestines