AP Psych unit 7

Motivation

a need or desire that energizes and directs behavior

instinct theory

A view that explains human behavior as motivated by automatic, involuntary, and unlearned responses (rigidly patterned)

drive-reduction theory

the idea that a physiological need creates an aroused tension state (a drive) that motivates an organism to satisfy the need

Homeostasis

A tendency to maintain a balanced or constant internal state; the regulation of any aspect of body chemistry, such as blood glucose, around a particular level

incentive theory

A theory of motivation stating that behavior is directed toward attaining desirable stimuli and avoiding unwanted stimuli (a positive/negative environmental stimulus)

optimal arousal theory

A theory of motivation stating that people are motivated to behave in ways that maintain what is, for them, an optimal level of arousal

Yerkes-Dodson Law

the principle that performance increases with arousal only up to a point, beyond which performance decreases

Need Theory

This theory argues that for a reward to be appropriate, accepted, and effective; it must fulfill a member's needs.

Expectancy Theory

The theory that motivation will be high when workers believe that high levels of effort lead to high performance and high performance leads to the attainment of desired outcomes.

opponent-process theory

Engaging in behaviors that maintain a stable level ofemotionality. Ex: if we are depressed, we seek things that increase feelings of happiness. (influenced by genetics)

Lewin's Motivational theory

4 Types of Motivational Conflicts. Lewin states that each person exists within a field of forces. The field of forces to which the individual is responding or reacting is called his life-space.

approach-approach conflict

Conflict that results from having to choose between two attractive alternatives

avoidance-avoidance conflict

Conflict that results from having to choose between two distasteful alternatives

approach-avoidance conflict

conflict occurring when a person must choose or not choose a goal that has both positive and negative aspects

double approach-avoidance conflict

conflict in which the person must decide between two goals, with each goal possessing both positive and negative aspects

achievement motivation

a desire for significant accomplishment: for mastery of things, people, or ideas; for attaining a high standard

self-efficacy

An individual's belief that he or she is capable of performing a task.

glucose

the form of sugar that circulates in the blood and provides the major source of energy for body tissues. When its level is low, we feel hunger.

arcuate nucleus

an arc-shaped hypothalamic nucleus implicated in appetite control

ventromedial hypothalamus

The part of the hypothalamus that produces feelings of fullness as opposed to hunger, and causes one to stop eating.

lateral hypothalamus

The part of the hypothalamus that produces hunger signals

Ghrelin

hormone secreted by empty stomach; sends "I'm hungry" signals to the brain

Insulin

A protein hormone synthesized in the pancreas that regulates blood sugar levels by facilitating the uptake of glucose into tissues

leptin

protein hormone secreted by fat cells; when abundant, causes brain to increase metabolism and decrease hunger

orexin

hunger-triggering hormone secreted by hypothalamus

PYY

digestive tract hormone; sends "I'm not hungry" signals to the brain

set point

the point at which an individual's "weight thermostat" is supposedly set. When the body falls below this weight, an increase in hunger and a lowered metabolic rate may act to restore the lost weight.

basal metabolic rate

the body's resting rate of energy expenditure

neophobia

fear of new things/dislike of things unfamiliar

Body Mass Index (BMI)

A measure of body fat that is the ratio of the weight of the body in kilograms to the square of its height in meters.

sexual response cycle

the four stages of sexual responding described by Masters and Johnson - excitement, plateau, orgasm, and resolution

refractory period

a resting period after orgasm, during which a man cannot achieve another orgasm

Ostracism

deliberate social exclusion of individuals or groups

anterior cingulate cortex

the cortex of the anterior cingulate gyrus, which is involved in the emotional reaction to painful stimulation

narcissism

excessive self-love and self-absorption

emotion

a response of the whole organism, involving (1) physiological arousal, (2) expressive behaviors, and (3) conscious experience

James-Lange Theory

the theory that our experience of emotion is our awareness of our physiological responses to emotion-arousing stimuli

Cannon-Bard Theory

the theory that an emotion-arousing stimulus simultaneously triggers (1) physiological responses and (2) the subjective experience of emotion

two-factor theory

the Schachter-Singer theory that to experience emotion one must (1) be physically aroused and (2) cognitively label the arousal

spill over effect

When our arousal response to one event spills over into our response to the next event

Zajonc; LeDoux Theory

some embodied responses happen instantly, without conscious appraisal

Lazarus Theory

Experience of emotion depends on how the situation is labelled. We label the situation, which then leads to emotional and physiological response

facial feedback theory

the tendency of facial muscle states to trigger corresponding feelings such as fear, anger, or happiness

sympathetic nervous system

the division of the autonomic nervous system that arouses the body, mobilizing its energy in stressful situations; fight or flight

Epinephrine

Neurotransmitter secreted by the adrenal medulla in response to stress. Also known as adrenaline.

Norepinephrine

A neurotransmitter involved in arousal, as well as in learning and mood regulation; helps control alertness and arousal

parasympathetic nervous system

the division of the autonomic nervous system that calms the body, conserving its energy

polygraph

a machine, commonly used in attempts to detect lies, that measures several of the physiological responses accompanying emotion (such as perspiration and cardiovascular and breathing changes).

empathy

Identification with and understanding of another's situation, feelings, and motives

behavior feedback phenomenon

going through motions awakens emotions; body movements and postures trigger corresponding feelings

health psychology

a subfield of psychology that provides psychology's contribution to behavioral medicine

Stress

the process by which we perceive and respond to certain events, called stressors, that we appraise as threatening or challenging

stress appraisal

the events of our lives flow through a psychological filter. How we appraise an event influences how much stress we experience and how effectively we respond.

Cortisol

stress hormone released by the adrenal cortex

General Adaptation Syndrome

Seyle's concept that the body responds to stress with alarm, resistance and exhaustion

fight or flight response

an emotional and physiological reaction to an emergency that increases readiness for action

tend-and-befriend response

under stress, people (especially women) often provide support to others (tend) and bond with and seek support from others (befriend)

Oxytocin

a hormone released by the pituitary gland that causes increased contraction of the uterus during labor and stimulates the ejection of milk into the ducts of the breasts.

psychophysiological illness

literally, "mind-body" illness; any stress-related physical illness, such as hypertension and some headaches

Psychoneuroimmunology

the study of how psychological, neural, and endocrine processes together affect the immune system and resulting health

B lympocytes

mature in the bone marrow and release antibodies that fight bacterial infection

T lymphocytes

form in the thymus and other lymphatic tissue and attack cancer cells, viruses, and foreign substances

natural killer cells

a lymphocyte able to bind to certain tumor cells and virus-infected cells without the stimulation of antigens, and kill them by the insertion of granules containing perforin.

Marcophages

a large phagocytic cell found in stationary form in the tissues or as a mobile white blood cell, especially at sites of infection, contains numerous lysosomes (acts like Pacman)

coronary heart disease

the clogging of the vessels that nourish the heart muscle; the leading cause of death in many developed countries

type a

Friedman and Rosenman's term for competitive, hard-driving, impatient, verbally aggressive, and anger-prone people

type b

Friedman and Rosenman's term for easygoing, relaxed people

Abraham Maslow

Humanistic psychologist known for his "Hierarchy of Needs" and the concept of "self-actualization"

William Masters and Virginia Johnson

researchers who described the human sexual response cycle and sought to define and treat sexual disorders based on that model

Alfred Kinsey

regarded by some as the father of the scientific study of human sexuality. Published a series of reports which described common sexual behaviors in the US

William James

Behavior is driven by instincts. In humans, instincts may include behaviors such as an infant's rooting for a nipple and sucking. According to the drive theory of motivation, deviations from homeostasis create physiological needs.

Stanley Schachter

stated that in order to experience emotions, a person must be physically aroused and know the emotion before you experience it. Developed "Two-Factor" theory of emotion; experiments on spillover effect

Paul Ekman

emotion; found that facial expressions are universal

Paul Ekman's 6 basic emotions:

happiness, sadness, surprise, fear, disgust, anger

Hans Selye

Psychologist who researched a recurring response to stress that he called the general adaptation syndrome

Personality

an individual's characteristic pattern of thinking, feeling, and acting

free association

in psychoanalysis, a method of exploring the unconscious in which the person relaxes and says whatever comes to mind, no matter how trivial or embarrassing

Psychoanalysis

Freud's theory of personality that attributes thoughts and actions to unconscious motives and conflicts; the techniques used in treating psychological disorders by seeking to expose and interpret unconscious tensions

unconscious

according to Freud, a reservoir of mostly unacceptable thoughts, wishes, feelings, and memories. According to contemporary psychologists, information processing of which we are unaware.

id

a reservoir of unconscious psychic energy that, according to Freud, strives to satisfy basic sexual and aggressive drives. The id operates on the pleasure principle, demanding immediate gratification.

ego

the largely conscious, "executive" part of personality that, according to Freud, mediates among the demands of the id, superego, and reality. The ego operates on the reality principle, satisfying the id's desires in ways that will realistically bring pleasure rather than pain.

superego

the part of personality that, according to Freud, represents internalized ideals and provides standards for judgment (the conscience) and for future aspirations

erogenous zones

in Freud's theory, areas of the body that become erotically sensitive in successive stages of development

Oedipus complex

according to Freud, a boy's sexual desires toward his mother and feelings of jealousy and hatred for the rival father

Electra complex

the unconscious desire of girls to replace their mother and win their father's romantic love

identification

the process by which, according to Freud, children incorporate their parents' values into their developing superegos

Fixation

according to Freud, a lingering focus of pleasure-seeking energies at an earlier psychosexual stage, in which conflicts were unresolved

oral psychosexual stage

0-18 months, pleasure centers on the mouth- sucking, biting, chewing

anal psychosexual stage

(18-36 months) pleasure focuses on bowel and bladder elimination; coping with demands for control

phalliac psychosexual stage

(3 to 6 years) Pleasure zones in the genitals; coping with incestous sexual feelings

genital psychosexual stage

(puberty on) maturation of sexual interests

Regression (defense mechanism)

Responding to stress by retreating to an earlier level of development and the comfort measures associated with that level of functioning. EX: When 2 year old Jay is hospitalized for tonsillitis he will drink only from a bottle, although his mother states he has been drinking from a cup for over 6 months.

reaction formation (defense mechanism)

Preventing unacceptable thoughts or behaviors from being expressed by exaggerating opposite thoughts or types of behaviors. EX: Jane hates nursing. She attended nursing school to please her parents. During career day, she speaks to prospective students about the excellence of nursing as a career.

Projection (defense mechanism)

* Attributing feelings or impulses unacceptable to ones self to another person. EX: Sue feels a strong sexual attraction to her track coach and tells her friend, "Hes coming on to me!"

Rationalization (defense mechanism)

* Attempting to make excuses or formulate logical reasons to justifying unacceptable feelings or behaviors. EX: John tells the rehab nurse, "I drink because its the only way I can deal with my bad marriage and awful job."

Displacement (defense mechanism)

* The transfer of feelings from one target to another that is considered less threatening or that is neutral. EX: A client is angry at his doctor, does not express it, but becomes verbally abusive with the nurse.

sublimation (defense mechanism)

- Rechanneling of drives or impulses that are personally or socially unacceptable into activities that are constructive

denial (defense mechanism)

Refusing to acknowledge the existence of a real situation or the feelings associated with it.EX: A women drinks alcohol every day and cannot stop, failing to acknowledge that she has a problem.

Repression (defense mechanism)

* Involuntary blocking of unpleasant feelings and experiences from ones awareness.

EX: An accident victim can remember nothing about the accident

fantasy (defense mechanism)

daydreaming or imagining oneself fulfilling a psychological need