Aerobic Respiration and Anaerobic review

What does glucose produce after being consumed? e- carriers

10 NADH and FADH2

What does glycolysis produce after being consumed? -e carriers

2 NADH

What does the transition step produce e-carriers (Pyruvate to Acetyl-CoA)?

2 NADH

How many e-carriers does the TCA produce?

6 NADH and 2 FADH2

What is the Electron transport Chain flow?

Electrons flow from carriers with more negative reduction potentials to carriers with more positive.

What happens to each electron's carrier?

It is reduced and then reoxidized, and they are constantly recycled.

How do micro transfer energy?

By moving electrons.

The ETC generates what?

The proton motive force.

What is the PMF used to make?

ATP

What do the major classes of metabolism that use an ETS include?

Organotrophy, lithotrophy, and phototrophy.

Organotrophy?

organic electron donors

Lithotrophy?

inorganic electron donors

Phototrophy?

uses light as an energy source

Where does ETS occur?

in the bacterial cell membrane

A respiratory ETS included at least three functional components. What are they?

Oxidoreductase (or dehydrogenase) accepts electrons, A mobile electron carrier, and a terminal oxidase.

What e-carriers does E. Coli use?

Q = Quinone and QH2 = Quinol

How can the ETS be summarized?

The Substrate Dehydrogenase receives a pair of electrons. It then donates the electrons to a mobile electron carrier. The oxidation of NADH and the reduction of Q are coupled to pump 4H+ across the membrane.

What is Oxidative Phosphorylation?

A process by which ATP is synthesized as a result of electron transport by the oxidation of a chemical energy source( proton gradient).

What is a terminal Oxidase complex?

It typically includes a cytochrome and receives two electrons from quinol, and 2H+ are translocated outside the membrane.

What is cytochrome?

Is a molecular electron carrier involved in oxidative phosphorylation

What does terminal oxidase transfer?

It transfers the electrons to the terminal electrons acceptor, such as O2

What does E. coli ETS can pump up to?

10 H+ for each NADH and 6 H+ for each FADH2

What is the Chemiosmotic Hypothesis?

Protons pumped across the membrane create a proton gradient, which powers ATP synthesis (explains oxidative phosphorylation).

What is the result after proton expulsion during e-transport?

It results in the formation of a concentrating gradient of protons, which is a charged gradient.

What does the Combined chemical and electrical potential difference make up?

It makes up the proton motive force.

What is ATP synthase?

An enzyme and channel protein that helps the ions cross the membrane.

What is the Chemiosmotic theory?

The concept that a proton concentration gradient serves as the energy reservoir that drives ATP formation (ADP to ATP)

what is the F1/F0 ATP synthase?

It is a protein Complex made of two parts F0 is embedded in the membrane, and F1 protrudes into the cytoplasm.

How much ATP does 1 NADH produce?

2.5 ATP

How much ATP does FADH produce?

1.5 ATP

What Factors affect ATP yield?

-Baterical ETCs are shorter

- ATP may vary with environmental conditions.

- PMF in bacteria and archaea can be used for other purposes besides ATP.

- precursor metabolite may be used for biosynthesis

Substrate phosphorylation generated how many ATP?

Net 4 2 from glycolysis and 2 from TCA

Total ATP generated from Oxidative phosphorylation?

34 ATP

Total theoretical yield from 1 glucose is what?

38 ATP 4 from substrate and 34 from Oxidative

What is the theoretical maximum ATP of Eukaryotic cells?

36 ATP (2 is spent crossing the mitochondrial membrane).

What creates the PMF?

The Complexes they drive synthesis nd other cell functions.

What contains Metal ions, and/or conjugated, double-bonded right structures.

Electrons Carriers.

ETS has three functional components. What are they?(short version)

Substrate dehydrogenase, mobile electron carriers, and terminal oxidase.

How many protons drive the F1F0 cycle?

3 protons drive each cycle, synthesizing one molecule of ATP.

What is Anaerobic respiration unique to?

prokaryotes

Where does anaerobic respiration occur?

Where oxygen is scarce.

What is the difference i the Anaerobic respiration chain?

It has more complexes, it is branched, and has different e-carriers.

What is the Nitrogen cycle?

The series of processes by which nitrogen and its compounds are interconverted in the environment and in living organisms, including nitrogen fixation and decomposition.

In the nitrate reduction test, if the mixture turns red BEFORE the zinc, what is the result?

It would be considered positive.

In the nitrate reduction test, if the mixture turns red AFTER the zinc, what is the result?

It would be considered negative.

What general yields more ATP, Anaerobic or Aerobic?

Aerobic yields more ATP.

What yields the least ATP: Fermentation or Anaerobic respiration?

Fermentation yields the least.

What does fermentation not do?

It does not have an ETS or ETC

What is Denitrification?

Conversion of nitrates into nitrogen gas

What do N03- and So4- reduce to in anaerobic respiration?

to NO2- and SO3- nitrite and sulfite

What is Dissimilatory nitrate reduction?

use of nitrate as a terminal electron acceptor, making it unavailable to the cell for assimilation or uptake