free will and determinism

Free will

🧠 The belief that humans are self-determining and can make their own choices.
✅ Central to the Humanistic Approach – individuals are active agents.

Determinism

⚙ Behaviour is shaped by internal/external forces beyond our control.

Hard determinism

Behaviour is predetermined and free will is an illusion Skinner

Soft determinism

Behaviour is influenced by external factors Bandura

Biological Determinism

🧬 Behaviour is controlled by genetic/physiological processes.
📌 E.g., Low serotonin linked to depression.

Environmental Determinism

🌍 Behaviour shaped by learning and conditioning.
📌 E.g., Pavlov’s dogs (classical conditioning).

Psychic Determinism

🧠 Behaviour driven by unconscious forces and childhood experiences.
📌 E.g., Freud’s theory of personality.

What is one strength of the free will stance related to everyday experience?

A: It has practical value; everyday life suggests we make free choices, giving the concept face validity

How does free will relate to mental health?

The illusion of free will can improve well-being. People with a high internal locus of control are generally more mentally healthy

What brain scan evidence challenges free will?

Libet (1985) found brain activity for decision-making occurs before conscious awareness, suggesting behaviour may be pre-determined.

What is a counterpoint to Libet’s findings?

The results may reflect a delay in awareness, not a lack of free will.

What is one strength of determinism related to science

It aligns with the scientific approach, allowing for predictability and the development of treatments, like drugs for OCD.

How does determinism support mental health treatment?

Understanding biological causes (e.g., neurotransmitter imbalances) helps create effective interventions, improving quality of life.

What is a legal concern with hard determinism?

It could be used to excuse criminal behaviour, challenging ideas of responsibility and accountability.

What case illustrates genetic determinism used in court?

Abdelmalek Bayout received a reduced sentence due to genetic predisposition to aggression.

What does soft determinism suggest?

Behaviour is influenced by external factors, but we still have choice in how we respond (e.g., Bandura – we choose what to attend to).

Why is soft determinism considered a balanced view?

It shows that the free will vs determinism debate may be a false binary, as both elements can coexist.