Biology Lab Final

natural selection theory

1. genetic variation exists within a population
2. populations tend to expand more than the environment can support
3. environments have limited resources which leads to competition within populations
4. populations are continually evolving

two scientists credited with the natural selection theory

Charles Darwin and Alfred Russel Wallace

father of taxonomy

Carl Linnaen

binomial nomenclature

when handwritten capitalize first letter of genus and underline all

taxonomic categories

domain, kingdom, phylum, class, order, family, genus, species (dumb kids playing chase on freeway get smashed)

domain eukarya

protists, animals, plants, and fungi

amoebae

heterotrophic protozoans with no definitive shape, “false feet”,

flagellum

a long filament used for locomotion; may have more than one

euglena

has both plant and animal characteristics, one flegellum used for locomotion, chloroplasts, stigma/eye spot for detecting light

dinoflagellate

two flagella, diverse group of aquatic autotrophs, mixotrophs, and heterotrophs, important role in construction of reefs

trypanosoma

flagellates that cause African sleeping sickness

paramecium

abundant in aquatic environments; uses cilia for locomotion, respiration, feeding; ciliated oral groove, food vacuoles

plasmodium

causes malaria

giardia

causes beaver fever

apicomplexans

parasites of animals with some causing serious human diseases, no locomotor structures

cilia

tiny, hair-like filament covering cell, much shorter and more numerous than flagella

slime/water mold

decomposers/parasites; fungus-like protists ex: Irish potato famine

diatoms

most unicellular, photosynthetic, glass like appearance, cell walls made of silicon- important component of phytoplankton in the oceans

mycology

the study of fungi

ubiquitous

found in most environments

hyphae

individual filamentous cells that compose fungus

mycelium

collection of hyphae, forms an extensive sub-surface network

Phylum Basidiomycota

club fungi ex: mushrooms and toadstools

Phylum Ascomycota

sac fungi, reproductive units are called asci, resemble cups

human use for yeast

make bread

human use for penicillium

make antibiotic penicillin and some cheeses

human use for aspergillus

used to make soy sauce, sake, and medicinal products

phylum zygomycota

the common molds, reproduce via zygospores

lichens

composite organisms which includes a fungal ambient from one of the phylums; crustose, foliose, and fruticose

ergotism

caused by sac fungi, mold that infects rye and other grains, suspected in the mass hysteria of the Salem witch trials

mechanisms that enable terrestrial life

1. prevent desiccation
2. stand upright without water’s buoyant force
3. absorb and distribute water through body
4. carry out sexual reproduction without water

four major groups of plantae and their evolutionary progression

1. Byrophyta: first to become terrestrial (mosses)
2. Pteridophyte: developed vascular tissues (ferns)
3. Gymnosperms: developed seeds (evergreens)
4. angiosperms: first to evolve flowers (flowers)

Rhizoid

little root-like structures to anchor the plant

fiddleheads

unrolling new leaves of a fern

Carboniferous Period

some carbon is retained inside dead plants and buried in sediment, the carbon we use from fossil fuels were once CO2 captured by ferns a long time ago

xylem

distributes waters and dissolved minerals upward through the plant

phloem

carries food downward from the leaves to the roots

monocots

single seed leaf, narrow leaves with parallel veins, fibrous “branchy root system, flower petals in 3 multiples

dicots

two seed leaves, broad leaves with branched veins, taproots, multiple of 4-5 petals

stoma

a pore to absorb CO2 and release O2

guard cells

one on each side of a stoma to open and close it

hierarchy of animal construction

cell, tissue, organ, organ system, organism

only organisms of domains Bacteria and Archaea consist of _____ cells

prokaryotic

epithelial tissue

covers all surfaces of the body, forms glands, protects your body from pathogens

squamous tissue

flat like floor tiles

cuboidal tissue

cube shape like dice

columnar tissue

like bricks on end (digestive)

connective tissue

provides support, strength, protection and insulation, good nerve supply, stores energy

ex: adipose, bone, cartilage, fluid (blood)

muscle tissues

smooth, skeletal, cardiac

smooth muscle

consists of elongated spindle-shaped cells, not under voluntary control

skeletal muscle

made up long cylindrical fibers containing several nuclei, voluntary movements

cardiac muscle

only found in the walls of the heart in vertebrates

erythrocytes

circular and biconcave, hemoglobin

leukocytes

five types, larger and less numerous

Porifera

sponges

Cnidaria

stinging animals

Platyhelminthes

flatworms

annelida

segmented worms

Mollusca

mollusks

echinodermata

spiny-skinned marine animals

endoderm

inner germ layer

mesoderm

most animals also have a middle layer

ectoderm

outer germ layer

how many germ layers do sponges

no germ layers

cnidarians have how many germ layers

two germ layers

Ostia

Openings on the side of the sponge. Water enters through here

Osculum

water exits through the large opening at the top of sponge

spongocoel

main body cavity of a sponge

choanocytes

cells with flagella that line the spongocoel; create a current to pump water

cnidocytes

stinging cells

nematocyst

coiled up capsule containing a harpoon-like structure; found inside the cnidocyte; may contain powerful toxins for subduing prey

scolex

the head with hooks to attach to intestines

proglottids

reproductive segments, each containing thousands of eggs; break off in host’s feces

gastropods

snails and slugs

cephalopods

squids, octopus, and cuttlefish

Phylum Anthropoda is the _____________ of all animal phyla in the world

diverse and successful

All arthropods share the following

Exoskeleton made of chitin, segmented body plan, and jointed appendages.

Chelicerae

Specialized mouth parts used for feeding

Cephalothorax

Head and thorax fused together

Telson

Spiky Tail

Spinnerets

Produce silk in many spiders

Swimmerets

Reduced appendages under abdomen

Cheliped

Four pairs of walking legs and one pair of claws

Class Arachnida

Two body segments and four pairs of legs (8 legs total)

Subphylum Crustacea

Body covered by a shell and has four pairs of walking legs and one set of claws (8 legs total)

Subphylum Mriapoda

Millipedes (2 pairs of legs per segment) and centipedes (1 pair of legs per segment)

Class Insecta

Typically have three pairs of legs and two pairs of wings attached to the thorax.

Complete Metamorphosis

Most insects undergo this. Includes egg, larva (with several substages called installs), pupa, and adult stages. Larvae often posses structures that adults lack. Examples are caterpillar to butterfly, maggot to fly, and grub to beetle.

Incomplete Metamorphosis

Lacks a pupal stage. Terrestrial larvae are called nymphs; aquatic larvae called naiads. Examples are roaches, grasshoppers, and dragonflies.

Pollination

Indirect production of foods

Decomposition ______________

of organic materials

Control of populations _________________

of harmful invertebrate species (including other insects)

Direct production of certain __________

foods (honey, for example)

Manufacture of useful ________ such as silk and shellac

products

Notochord

Flexible rod which serves as an axis for muscle attachment. Becomes part of the intervertebral discs in mammals.

Dorsal hollow nerve cord

Chordates have a single, dorsal nerve cord, whereas many invertebrates have two ventral nerve cords.

Pharyngeal gill slits

Occur at some point in development. Develop into functional gills in aquatic vertebrates; develop into structures such as Eustachian tubes and tonsils in mammals.

Post-anal tail

At least during some point in development

Exothermic Animals

Body temperature regulated by environment, not metabolism

Endothermic

Body temperature is regulated by metabolism