Nursing Process Test 1 review

review for test

systolic pressure

peak pressure exerted against arterial walls as the ventricles contract and eject blood

diastolic pressure

minimum pressure exerted against arterial walls between cardiac contractions when the heart is at rest

Mechanical

pulmonary ventilation; breathing meaning active movement of air in and out of the respiratory system

Chemical

exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide in the bod, transport of oxygen and carbon dioxide throughout the body, exchange of gases between capillaries and tissues

Pallor

paleness of skin when compared with another part of the body

Cyanosis

a bluish or grayish discoloration of the skin due to excessive carbon dioxide and deficient oxygen in the blood

Pulse deficit

hear a beat beat but do not feel a beat at a pulse point

Bradycardia

rate less than 60 bpm

Tachycardia

rate greater than 100 bpm

Autonomic nervous system

regulates the heart rate

Cardiac output

stroke volume x pulse (heart rate)

Stroke volume

the quantity of blood pumped out by each contraction of the left ventricle

Systole

the peak of the wave, or contraction of the heart

Diastole

is the trough or resting phase of the heart

Pulse rate

normal 60 to 100 bpm, average 70 to 80 bpm

Course of Fever

Initial: febrile episode

Second: course

Third: defervescence or crisis

Fever (pyrexia)

high body temp greater than 100F or 37.8C

Hyperpyrexia

abnormally high body temp; fever greater than 105.8 (41.0C)

Conduction

transfer of heat from a warm to a cool surface by direct contact

Evaporation

water is converted to vapor and lost from the skin or the mucous membranes

Convection

transfer of heat through currents of air or water

Radiation

loss of heat through electromagnetic waves emitting from surfaces that are warmer than the surrounding air

Skeletal muscle movement

used in all body movement muscle need fuel to function

Metabolism

sum of all physical and chemical process and changes that take place in the body

Nonshivering thermogenesis

metabolism of brown fat to produce heat, used in infants because they cannot produce heat through shivering like adults and children

body temperature

97\.9F

Vital signs

are a means of assessing vital or critical physiological functions

Variations reflect a person’s state of health and/or functional ability of the body systems.

The Spread of Infection: Six Links

Infectious agents

Reservoir

Portal of entry

Portal of exit

Mode of transmission

Susceptible host

Incubation

from time of infection until manifestation of symptoms; can infect others

Prodromal

appearance of vague symptoms; not all diseases have this stage

Illness

signs and symptoms present

Decline

number of pathogens decline

Convalescence

tissue repair, return to health

Exogenous healthcare-related infection

pathogen acquired from healthcare environment

Endogenous healthcare-relate infection

normal flora multiply and cause infection as a result of treatment

Local

limited to a certain region in the body

Systemic

spread throughout the body, spread via blood or lymph

Primary

First infection that occurs in a patient

Secondary

Follows a primary infection

Ex. Patient with pneumonia develops shingles (herpes zoster)

Primary defenses

* Anatomical features, limit pathogen entry
* Intact skin
* Mucous membranes
* Tears
* Normal flora in gastrointestinal (GI) tract
* Normal flora in urinary tract

Secondary defenses

* Biochemical processes activated by chemicals released by pathogens
* phagocytosis
* complement cascade
* inflammation
* fever

Tertiary defenses

* Humoral immunity: b-cell production of antibodies in response to an antigen
* Cell-mediated immunity: direct destruction of infected cells by T cells

Medial asepsis

a state of cleanliness that decreases the potential for the spread of infections

\
o   Maintain a clean environment

o   Maintaining clean hands

o   Following guidelines from Center of Diseases Control and Preventing (CDC)

Acute

rapid onset of short duration (common cold)

Chronic

slow development, long duration (osteomyelitis)

Latent

infection present with no discernible symptoms (HIV/AIDS)