Chapter 19: Rise of American Imperialism (1890– 1913)

Open Door policy

Policy supported by the United States beginning in 1899 that stated that all major powers, including the United States, should have an equal right to trade with China

Social Darwinism

Philosophy that emerged from the writings of Charles Darwin on the "survival of the fittest"; this was used to justify the vast differences between the rich and the poor in the late nineteenth century as well as American and European imperialistic ventures

Spanish-American War

War that began in 1898 against the Spanish over treatment of Cubans by Spanish troops that controlled the island

Yellow journalism

method of journalism that utilized sensationalized accounts of the news to sell newspapers

Maine

U.S. naval ship that sank in Havana harbor in February 1898 following an explosion

Panama Canal

Canal across the Panama isthmus that was begun in 1904 and completed in 1914; its opening enabled America to expand its economic and military influence

Roosevelt Corollary (1904)

Policy that warned Europeans against intervening in the affairs of Latin America and that claimed the right of the United States to intervene in the affairs of Latin American nations if "chronic wrongdoing" was taking place

Dollar Diplomacy

Foreign policy supported by President William Howard Taft and others that favored increased American investment in the world as a way of increasing American influence

1867

United States purchases Alaska from Russia

1867

United States annexes Midway Islands

1871

Beginning of European "Scramble for Africa"

1875

Trade agreement between United States and Hawaii signed

1885

Publication of Our Country by Josiah Strong; book discusses role of Anglo-Saxons in the world

1890

Captain Alfred T. Mahans The Influence of Sea Power upon History published

1893

Pro-American sugar planters overthrow Queen Liliuokalani in Hawaii

1895

Revolt against Spanish in Cuba; harsh Spanish reaction angers many in United States

1898

Explosion of U.S.S

1898

Annexation of Hawaii receives final approval from Congress Anti-Imperialist League formed

1899

Secretary of State John Hay asks European leaders for an Open Door policy in China

1899

First fighting between American army forces and Filipino rebels in Manila

1900

Naval Act of 1900 authorizes construction of offensive warships requested by navy

1901

Assassination of President McKinley; Theodore Roosevelt becomes president

1904

Roosevelt Corollary to Monroe Doctrine announced

1904

United States begins construction of Panama Canal

1905

In a Portsmouth, New Hampshire, conference, Roosevelt mediates conflict between Japan and Russia

1914

Completion of the Panama Canal

William Henry Seward

In 1867, he bought Alaska from Russia. Alaska's resources were soon discovered, despite Seward's Folly.

American expansion

In the 1890s, Theodore Roosevelt and Henry Cabot Lodge called for ____________ abroad only after the frontier was closed.

**Chester Arthur**

In the 1870s and 1880s, the State Department had fewer than 100 employees. The Civil War weakened the navy. The navy was rebuilt with modern all-steel ships only under ______________.

King Kalakaua

Sugar planters in Hawaii pressured this king to create a constitution that gave them more political power.

Queen Liliuokalani

She wanted to reestablish royal rule over Hawaii and fight outsiders like American planters. Sugar magnates feared the queen's nationalist program and wanted Hawaii to become a US protectorate.

Manifest Destiny

In the 1896 election, William McKinley declared that Hawaii was America's "___________."

Pearl Harbor

American policymakers realized _______ gave the Navy a strategic Pacific Ocean base.

Captain Alfred Thayer Mahan

This naval officer argued that the US needed to expand to maintain its economic and political power.

*Influence of Sea Power upon History*

Mahan convincingly argued that naval power was needed to acquire and maintain overseas markets in this work.

*Our Country*

The famous minister Josiah Strong wrote in *_______* in 1885 that God had made the Anglo-Saxons their "brother's keepers."

*White Man's Burden*

Rudyard Kipling's poem "*_____*" encouraged Americans to rule and civilize "inferior races."

Senator Albert J. Beveridge

Senator of Indiana, a scholar, saw imperialism abroad as a way for Americans to open a new frontier and recapture their pioneer spirit.

Yellow journalism

The new newspaper style. Pulitzer and Hearst sent reporters to Cuba to find newspaper-selling stories.

jingoism

The yellow press promoted _________, which demanded war with Spain.

Havana Harbor

On February 15, 1898, the U.S.S. Maine exploded and sank in _______, triggering war.

Commodore George Dewey

President McKinley and the navy secretary confirmed that _______ should attack the Spanish fleet in the Philippines in wartime.

Rough Riders

Theodore Roosevelt's bravery in leading his volunteer "________" up San Juan Hill made him a national hero after resigning from the Navy Department.

Manila Harbor

On May 1, Commodore Dewey led a small American squadron into ___________ and destroyed the decaying Spanish fleet.

**Paris Treaty**

This one-sided battle gave the US-Philippine claims. This treaty ended the war.

$20 million

Spain gave Cuba independence and sold the Philippines, Guam, and Puerto Rico to the US for ___________.

**Teller Amendment**

The April war resolution included the **__________** because of imperial temptations. This amendment said the US would not annex Cuba. Congress reconsidered Cuban autonomy postwar.

**Platt Amendment**

The **_____________** was forced into Cuba's new constitution by the new imperial Washington. Cuban treaties required American approval.

Anti-Imperialist League

League founded in 1898 to oppose Philippine colonialism.

**Open Door policy**

Imperial powers partitioned China due to its weak government. To prevent this, Secretary of State **John Hay** promoted an **___________** in 1899 to allow all nations equal access to trade in China.

John Hay

He promoted **Open Door policy**

**Boxer Rebellion**

The US, Europe, and Japan suppressed the **________** in China in 1900. They persecuted missionaries, merchants, and diplomats.

Panama Canal

Roosevelt strongly supported the ________, which would make Atlantic and Pacific Ocean travel easier and faster for merchant ships and American warships.

Panamanian isthmus

The US purchased the French and negotiated with Colombia, which owned the _______, for canal rights.

Hay-Bunau-Varilla Treaty

The 1904 Treaty gave the United States permanent sovereignty over a 10-mile-wide strip of land across Panama.

Roosevelt Corollary

This asserted the American government's right to police any Western Hemisphere country that was "harmful to the United States" and risked outside intervention.

William Howard Taft

Roosevelt's chosen successor, preferred "dollars over bullets" and avoided the "big stick."

Dollar Diplomacy

This was Taft's critics' term for this financial approach to foreign relations.