APUSH Vocab Terms 1-29 Roaring 20s

Middletown

Middletown

These were sociological case studies of the City of Muncie in Indiana conducted by Robert Staughton Lynd and Helen Merrell Lynd, husband-and-wife sociologists. Their findings were detailed in _____: A Study in Modern American Culture, published in 1929, and _____ in Transition : A Study in Cultural Conflicts, published in 1937. " It means the average or typical American small city.

Andrew Mellon

This person was the secretary of the treasury. He reduced government spending and lowered taxes, but insisted that the tax reductions should go mainly to the rich for “economic growth”. He convinced Congress to pass the Budget and Accounting Act of 1921, which created a new Bureau of the Budget to prepare a unified federal budget and a General Accounting Office to audit spending by federal agencies.

Teapot Dome Scandal

A government-owned oil deposit in Wyoming was managed by the Interior Department under Albert B. Fall. However, he let petroleum companies exploit the deposits and had taken bribes from them. Became a huge public affair like Watergate.

Herbert Hoover

Head of the Food Administration during WWI. He became the Secretary of Commerce and encouraged businesses to regulate themselves. A Republican known for his integrity who won the election of 1928. Had to deal with the Great Crash of 1929, which caused the GD. He signed the Norris-La Guardia Anti-Injunction Act. Belief in "rugged individualism" kept him from giving people direct relief during GD.

Calvin Coolidge

Became president when Harding died. He was known for practicing a rigid economy in money and words, and acquired the name "____" for being so soft-spoken. He was a true republican and industrialist and was very patriotic. Believed in the government supporting big business. He also used to be the governor of Massachusetts and the president of the Massachusetts state senate.

Election of 1920

Republican, Warren G. Harding, with V.P. running mate Coolidge, beat Democrat, Governor James Cox, with V.P. running mate, FDR. The issues were WWI, the post-war economy and the League of Nations. Harding promised a return to normal, as showcased by his words to a Boston audience. This promise of normalcy won him a landslide victory.

Election of 1924

With Republican Coolidge running against Democrat Davis and Progressive LaFollette, the liberal vote was split between the Democrat and the Progressive, allowing Coolidge to win.

Henry Ford

He made assembly line production more efficient in his Rouge River plant near Detroit- a finished car would come out every 10 seconds. He helped to make car inexpensive so more Americans could buy them.

Welfare capitalism

Refers to the practice of businesses providing certain services to employees. ________________ in this sense, or industrial paternalism, was centered in industries that employed skilled labor and peaked in the late 19th and early 20th centuries.

Hawley-Smoot Tariff (1930)

This was a bill signed by Hoover that carried duties to an all time high. It devastated foreign trade since it affected dozens of farm products and hundreds of manufactured items. More than 1000 economists petitioned the president to veto the bill because they claimed that it would negatively impact foreign trade and therefore the economy. They ended up being right, but Hoover refused since the election was coming up and he wanted to go along with his party.

Dawes Plan

Post-WW I depression in Germany left it unable to pay reparation and Germany defaulted on its payments in 1923. In 1924, U.S. VP Charles _____ made a plan to allow Germany to make its reparation payments in annual installments. It was renegotiated and modified in 1929 by U.S. financier Owen Young.

Naval Arms Conference and the 5:5:3:1.75:1.75 plan

A military conference called by the administration of President Harding held in Washington, D.C. from 12 Nov 1921 to 6 Feb 1922. Resulted in 3 major treaties: Four-Power Treaty, Five-Power Treaty, and the Nine-Power Treaty and a number of smaller agreements. Included a plan that established the ratios of tonnage for naval ships between powers. Was done due to rising tensions in East Asia and the shared desire for the prevention of another world war.

Kellogg-Briand Peace Pact

"Pact of Paris" or "Treaty for the Renunciation of War," it made war illegal as a tool of national policy, allowing only defensive war. The Treaty was generally believed to be useless since it didn’t help prevent WW2 or future wars.

Buying “on time”

When payment is spread out over a period in many installations of payment (credit). This was a novel development in the 20’s.

The Jazz Singer

1927 - The first movie with sound; this "talkie" was about the life of a famous ______; Al Jolson.

Louis Armstrong

Called Satchmo or Pop. An American jazz trumpeter and singer from New Orleans, Louisiana. Coming to prominence in the 1920s as an "inventive" cornet and trumpet player, he was a foundational influence in jazz, shifting the music's focus from collective improvisation to solo performance.

Bessie Smith

The Empress of the Blues, she was the most popular female blues singer of the 1920s and 1930s. She is often regarded as one of the greatest singers of her era and, along with __(another jazz person in this set)__, a major influence on subsequent jazz vocalists.

Duke Ellington

A composer, pianist, and big band leader. He wrote over 1,000 compositions. In the words of Bob Blumenthal of the Boston Globe "In the century since his birth, there has been no greater composer, American or otherwise, than him."

Radio

A form of communication that experienced spectacular growth in the 1920s (prior to this decade, it was used only for basic communication). Many news stations started their own broadcasts and Calvin Coolidge was the first president to address the nation by this method, and he did so monthly.

Amos and Andy

A situation comedy based on stock sketch comedy characters but set in the African-American community. It was very popular in the US from the 1920s through the 1950s on both radio and television. It began as one of the first radio comedy series.

Black Sox Scandal

An incident that took place around and during the play of the 1919 World Series. The name refers to the 1919 Chicago White Sox team. 8 members of the major league franchise were banned for life from baseball for throwing (i.e., intentionally losing) games, and essentially giving the series to the Cincinnati Reds in exchange for a bribe.

Babe Ruth

Baseball hero/legend. He played for the NY Yankees and the Boston Red Sox. He set numerous records during his career, including most home runs in a season (60 in 1927) which stood until 1961. He also held the record for career home runs (714) which lasted until 1974.

Jack Dempsey

The heavyweight boxing champion/hero. was one of America's first great sports heroes. He captivated the public and was as popular as other major sports figures of his time.

Bobby Jones

An American amateur golfer, and a lawyer by profession. He was the most successful amateur golfer ever to compete on a national and international level. During his peak as a golfer from 1923 to 1930, he dominated top-level amateur competition, and competed very successfully against the world's best professional golfers.

Charles Lindbergh

Famous for being the first person to fly solo across the Atlantic Ocean on the “Spirit of St. Louis”, his plane. His son was kidnapped and murdered and he was later cancelled in the 1930s because he expressed admiration for the Nazis’ aviation and strength and became an anti-semite.

Ford Model T

One of the first mass production vehicles. It was very popular and during the 20’s, about 80% of the world’s automobiles were found in America. This vehicle was affordable, simple to operate, and durable.

Nativism

This was the ideology that people born in the United States were superior to those who aren’t. In the 1920’s, this belief especially came into play when most newer immigrants were from Southern and Eastern Europe. This ideology even had large scale impacts with the passing of acts restricting immigration.

Emergency Immigration Act of 1921

This law restricted immigration to 3% of each nationality that was in the United States in 1910. Was primarily due to the influx of immigrants from Southern and Eastern Europe.

National Origins Act of 1924

A US federal law that limited the number of immigrants who could be admitted from any country to 2% of the number of people from that country who were already living in the United States in 1890, down from the 3% cap set by a previous act, according to the Census of 1890. (DATE WAS CORRECTED SINCE IT SAID 1927)