Comprehensive Psychology and Personality Theories Quizlet Set

Sigmund Freud

Behavior is driven by unconscious forces and internal conflict

Psychic Energy

Mental energy that drives behavior

Libido

Life instinct (pleasure, survival, love)

Thanatos

Death instinct (aggression, destruction)

Psychic Determinism

Nothing is random; all behavior has a hidden cause

Conscious Mind

Current awareness and thoughts

Preconscious Mind

Memories you can access

Unconscious Mind

Hidden thoughts, urges, and trauma

Free Association

Saying anything that comes to mind to reveal unconscious thoughts

Dream Interpretation

Analyzing dreams to uncover hidden meaning

ID

Pleasure principle; wants immediate gratification

Ego

Reality principle; logical decision-maker

Superego

Moral conscience; creates guilt

Neurotic Anxiety

Fear of losing control of impulses

Moral Anxiety

Guilt from violating morals

Repression

Pushing distressing thoughts out of awareness

Denial

Refusing to accept reality

Projection

Attributing your feelings to others

Displacement

Redirecting emotions to a safer target

Sublimation

Turning negative impulses into positive actions

Oral Stage

Pleasure focused on mouth (0-1)

Anal Stage

Focus on control/toilet training (1-3)

Phallic Stage

Focus on genitals and attraction to parent (3-6)

Latency Stage

Sexual inactivity; focus on development

Genital Stage

Mature relationships develop

Carl Jung

Focused on growth, self, and the unconscious

Anima

Feminine side of men

Animus

Masculine side of women

Persona

Social mask you present

Shadow

Hidden, darker side of personality

Collective Unconscious

Shared human experiences across all people

Archetypes

Universal symbols (hero, mother, etc.)

Individuation

Becoming your true, whole self

Erik Erikson

Personality develops across the lifespan

Identity vs Role Confusion

Adolescent stage focused on identity

Karen Horney

Focused on anxiety from insecure environments; criticized Freud

Womb Envy

Horney's idea that men envy women's ability to give birth

Self-Concept

Beliefs about who you are

Self-Esteem

How much you value yourself

Sociometer Theory

Self-esteem acts as a measure of social acceptance

Self-Esteem Across Lifespan

High in childhood, drops in adolescence, rises in adulthood

Self-Concept Complexity

Number of different roles you have; more = more stability

Mirror Dot Test

Test of self-recognition in children

Self-Discrepancy Theory

Mismatch between actual, ideal, and ought selves

Actual vs Ideal

Leads to sadness

Actual vs Ought

Leads to guilt

Theory of Mind

Understanding others have different thoughts and feelings

Self-Control

Ability to regulate behavior and impulses

Why Self-Control is Important

Helps achieve goals and avoid risky behavior

Motives

Internal drives that direct behavior

Achievement Motive

Desire to succeed

Power Motive

Desire to influence others

Intimacy Motive

Desire for close relationships

Thematic Apperception Test

Projective test using storytelling to reveal implicit motives

Projective Test

Uses ambiguous stimuli to uncover hidden thoughts

Implicit Motives

Unconscious drives

TAT vs Questionnaires

TAT measures unconscious motives; questionnaires measure conscious responses

Abraham Maslow

Hierarchy of needs theory

Maslow's Hierarchy

Survival → Safety → Love → Esteem → Self-actualization

Self-Actualization

Reaching full potential

Carl Rogers

Emphasized unconditional positive regard

Unconditional Positive Regard

Acceptance without conditions

Intrinsic Motivation

Doing something for internal enjoyment

Extrinsic Motivation

Doing something for external rewards

Overjustification Effect

External rewards reduce intrinsic motivation

Self-Determination Theory

Motivation based on competence, autonomy, and relatedness

Emotion

Feeling + physical response + behavior

Primary Function of Emotion

Motivate behavior

State Emotion

Temporary emotional experience

Trait Emotion

Stable emotional tendency

Happiness

Long-term life satisfaction

Depression

Low mood, energy, and interest

Diathesis-Stress Model

Disorder results from vulnerability + stress

Diathesis

Pre-existing vulnerability

Stress

Environmental trigger

Selection

Choosing people similar to you

Evocation

Your personality causes reactions in others

Manipulation

Ways people influence others

Positive Manipulation

Kindness, reasoning

Negative Manipulation

Guilt, pressure, silent treatment

Machiavellianism

Strategic manipulation

Narcissism

Self-centered, needs admiration

Psychopathy

Lack of empathy, impulsive

Dark Triad

Machiavellianism, narcissism, psychopathy

Hostile Attribution Bias

Assuming others have bad intentions