Spring 2025 ARH-202 Final Exam Images and Terms
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54 Terms
Artist: Albrecht Dürer
Title: Fall of Man (Adam and Eve)
Medium: Engraving
Period: Northern Renaissance
Location: N/A
Significance: showcases his mastery of engraving and reflects the Northern Renaissance's fusion of classical ideals with detailed naturalism, symbolizing the moment of original sin with both intellectual and artistic precision.
Artist: Hans Holbein the Younge
Title: The French Ambassadors
Medium: Oil and tempera on wood
Period: Northern Renaissance
Location: N/A
Significance: exemplifies the Northern Renaissance's attention to detail and symbolism, blending political portraiture with a complex memento mori to reflect human achievement and mortality.
Artist: Pieter Bruegel the Elder
Title: Netherlandish Proverbs
Medium: Oil on wood
Period: Northern Renaissance
Location: N/A
Significance: captures the Northern Renaissance's fascination with human folly by illustrating over 100 proverbs in a single, vividly detailed scene that critiques social behavior through satire and symbolism.
Artist: Parmigianino
Title: Madonna with the Long Neck
Medium: Oil on wood
Period: Italian Mannerism
Location: N/A
Significance: exemplifies Italian Mannerism through its elegant distortion of proportions and ambiguous space, reflecting a shift away from High Renaissance balance toward stylized beauty and emotional intensity.
Artist: Jacopo da Pontormo
Title: Entombment of Christ
Medium: Oil on wood
Period: Italian Mannerism
Location: N/A
Significance: embodies Italian Mannerism through its vivid colors, elongated figures, and swirling composition, conveying emotional tension and spiritual drama in a departure from Renaissance naturalism.
Title: Burial of Count Orgaz
Medium: Oil on wood
Period: Spanish Mannerism
Location: Santo Tomé, Toledo
Period: Spanish Mannerism
Significance: exemplifies Spanish Mannerism through its dramatic contrast between the earthly and heavenly realms, blending elongated forms and spiritual intensity to express the divine mystery of salvation.
Artist: Gian Lorenzo Bernini
Title: Ecstasy of Saint Teresa
Medium: marble, stucco and gilt
Location: Santa Maria della Vittoria, Rome
Period: Italian Baroque
Significance: captures the drama and emotion of the Italian Baroque, using dynamic sculpture and theatrical effects to show a powerful spiritual experience.
Artist: Gian Lorenzo Bernini
Title: Apollo and Daphne
Medium: marble
Location: Galleria Borghese, Rome, Italy
Period: Italian Baroque
Significance: shows the movement and emotion of the Italian Baroque, freezing a dramatic mythological moment in marble with incredible detail and energy.
Artist: Caravaggio
Title: The Calling of Saint Matthew
Medium: Oil on canvas
Location: San Luigi dei Francesi, Rome
Period: Italian Baroque
Significance: highlights the Italian Baroque's use of dramatic lighting and realism to show a powerful moment of spiritual awakening in an everyday setting.
Artist: Caravaggio
Title: Conversion of Saint Paul
Medium: Oil on canvas
Location: Cerasi chapel, Santa Maria del Popolo, Rome, Italy
Period: Italian Baroque
Significance: uses intense light, shadow, and realism to capture the sudden, emotional moment of Paul's spiritual transformation, a hallmark of the Italian Baroque style.
Artist: Annibale Carracci
Title: Love of the Gods
Medium: Fresco
Location: Palazzo Farnese, Rome, Italy
Period: Italian Baroque
Significance: blends classical beauty with Baroque energy in a grand ceiling fresco that celebrates mythological love through rich color, movement, and harmony.
Artist: Artemisia Gentileschi
Title: Self-Portrait as the Allegory of Painting
Medium: Oil on canvas
Location: n/a
Period: Italian Baroque
Significance: combines self-representation with symbolism, showing her skill and identity as a woman artist in the male-dominated world of the Italian Baroque.
Artist: Diego Velázquez
Title: Las Meninas
Medium: Oil on canvas
Location: n/a
Period: Spanish Baroque
Significance: masterpiece of the Spanish Baroque that plays with perspective, reality, and viewer engagement, highlighting the artist's status and the complexity of court life.
Artist: Bartolomé Esteban Murillo
Title: Immaculate Conception of the Escorial
Medium: Oil on canvas
Location: n/a
Period: Spanish Baroque
Significance: reflects the Spanish Baroque's focus on religious devotion, using soft light, graceful composition, and idealized beauty to portray the Virgin Mary's purity.
Artist: Peter Paul Rubens
Title: Consequences of War
Medium: Oil on canvas
Location: Galleria Palatina, Palazzo Pitti, Florence, Italy
Period: Flemish Baroque
Significance: uses dramatic movement and vivid imagery to express the chaos and tragedy of conflict, reflecting the emotional intensity and political themes of the Flemish Baroque. 30 years war
Artist: Johannes Vermeer
Title: Woman Holding a Balance
Medium: Oil on canvas
Location: n/a
Period: Dutch Baroque
Significance: reflects the Dutch Baroque's focus on everyday life and moral reflection, using soft light and quiet symbolism to suggest themes of judgment and inner peace. Painting of the last judgement in the back
Artist: Rachel Ruysch
Title: Still Life with Flowers
Medium: Oil on wood
Location: n/a
Period: Dutch Baroque
Significance: showcases the Dutch Baroque love of detail and nature, using vibrant, realistic flowers to celebrate beauty while hinting at the passing of time.
Artist: Jean-Honoré Fragonard
Title: The Swing
Medium: oil on canvas
Location: n/a
Period: Rococo
Significance: captures the playful, romantic, and decorative style of the Rococo period, using soft colors and movement to reflect themes of love, flirtation, and leisure.
Artist: Élisabeth Louise Vigée Le Brun
Title: Marie Antoinette and Her Children
Medium: oil on canvas
Location: Versailles, France
Period: Neoclassical
Significance: uses Neoclassical style to present the queen as a dignified and caring mother, aiming to improve her public image during a time of political unrest.
Artist: Boucher
Title: Cupid a Captive
Medium: Oil on canvas
Location: n/a
Period: Rococo
Significance: reflects the Rococo's playful and sensual style, using soft colors, delicate forms, and mythological themes to celebrate love and beauty. Lines help to make cupid be at the center
Artist: Antoine Watteau
Title: Pilgrimage to Cythera
Medium: Oil on canvas
Location: n/a
Period: Rococo
Significance: reflects the Rococo's playful and sensual style, using soft colors, delicate forms, and mythological themes to celebrate love and beauty.
Artist: Joseph Wright of Derby
Title: A Philosopher Giving a Lecture on the Orrery
Medium: Oil on canvas
Period: Eighteenth-century painting
Location: n/a
Significance: highlights the Enlightenment’s focus on science and reason, using dramatic lighting to emphasize the wonder of discovery and learning.
Artist: Joseph Wright of Derby
Title: An Experiment on a Bird in the Air-Pump
Medium: Oil on canvas
Period: Eighteenth-century painting
Location: n/a
Significance: captures the Enlightenment’s tension between science and emotion, using dramatic light and expressive faces to show both fascination and fear of scientific progress.
Artist: Jacques-Louis David
Title: The Oath of the Horatii
Medium: Oil on canvas
Period: Neoclassical
Location/a
Significance: embodies Neoclassical ideals of duty, sacrifice, and patriotism, using strong lines and clear composition to promote moral seriousness and civic virtue.
Artist: Jacques-Louis David
Title: Death of Marat
Medium: Oil on canvas
Period: Neoclassical
Location/a
Significance: uses Neoclassical simplicity and calm to honor a political martyr, turning a modern event into a powerful image of sacrifice and revolutionary heroism.
Artist: Francisco Goya
Title: Third of May, 1808
Location/a
Medium: Oil on canvas
Period: Romanticism
Location/a
Significance: uses dramatic emotion, stark contrast, and raw realism to condemn the brutality of war, making it a powerful symbol of Romanticism’s focus on human suffering and resistance.
Artist: Eugène Delacroix
Title: Liberty Leading the People
Medium: Oil on canvas
Period: Romanticism
Location/a
Significance: embodies the Romantic spirit of revolution and freedom, depicting a powerful allegorical figure leading a diverse group of citizens during the 1830 July Revolution in France.
Artist: Théodore Géricault
Title: Raft of the Medusa
Medium: Oil on canvas
Period: Romanticism
Location/a
Significance: captures the Romantic fascination with human suffering and nature’s power, using a real-life shipwreck to show despair, hope, and political criticism through dramatic composition and emotion.
Artist: Thomas Cole
Title: The Oxbow
Medium: Oil on canvas
Period: Romanticism/ Hudson River School
Location: n/a
Significance: reflects Romanticism and the Hudson River School’s celebration of American nature, contrasting wild wilderness with cultivated land to explore humanity’s relationship with the landscape.
Artist: Gustave Courbet
Title: The Stone Breakers
Medium: Oil on Canvas
Period: Realism
Location: n/a
Significance: represents Realism by portraying ordinary laborers with gritty detail and dignity, emphasizing the harsh reality of working-class life without idealization.
Artist: Edouard Manet
Title: Olympia
Medium: Oil on canvas
Period: Realism
Location: n/a
Significance: challenged traditional art and social norms by presenting a confident, modern woman with a direct gaze, marking a bold shift in Realist painting and paving the way for modernism.
Artist: Henry Ossawa Tanner
Title: The Thankful Poor
Medium: Oil on canvas
Period: Realism
Location: n/a
Significance: uses Realist style to respectfully portray African American life, emphasizing dignity, faith, and quiet strength in everyday moments.
Artist: Jean-François Millet
Title: The Gleaners
Medium: Oil on canvas
Period: Realism
Location: n/a
Significance: highlights the dignity of rural labor by depicting poor women gathering leftover grain, reflecting Realist concerns with social class and the struggles of the working poor.
Artist: Claude Monet
Title: The Saint-Lazare Station
Medium: Oil on canvas
Period: Impressionism
Location: n/a
Significance: captures the energy and modernity of urban life through quick brushstrokes and shifting light, reflecting Impressionism’s focus on atmosphere and momentary experience.
Salon:
a government-sponsored exhibitions of artworks held in Paris
exemplum virtutis
a painting that tells a moral tale for the viewer.
Grand Tour:
in order to complete their education young Englishmen and Americans in the eighteenth-century undertook a journey to Italy to absorb ancient and Renaissance sites
Avant-garde:
An innovative group of artists who generally reject traditional approaches in favor of a more experimental technique
En plein-air:
painting outdoors to directly capture the effects of light and atmosphere on a given object.
Venice Biennale:
A major show of contemporary art that takes place every other year in various venues throughout the city of Venice; begun in 1895
Genre painting:
Painting in which scenes of everyday life are depicted
Impasto:
A thick and very visible application of paint on a painting surface
Tenebrism:
A dramatic dark and light contrast in a painting
Vanitas:
A theme in still life painting that stresses the brevity of life and the folly of human vanity
Dada
An early-20th-century art movement prompted by a revulsion against the horror of World War I. Dada embraced political anarchy, the irrational, and the intuitive. A disdain for convention, often enlivened by humor or whimsy, is characteristic of the art the Dadaists produced.
The sublime:
Any cathartic experience from the catastrophic to the intellectual that causes the viewer to marvel in awe wonder and passion.
Prix de Rome:
Rome Prize
Orrey:
Technological model used to demonstrate a theory of the universe
Fête galante:
an eighteenth-century French style of painting that depicts the aristocracy walking through a forested landscape
Impressionism:
A late-19th-century art movement that sought to capture a fleeting moment, thereby conveying the elusiveness and impermanence of images and conditions.
True color:
An object's true color in white light.
Memento mori:
Latin, "reminder of death." In painting, a reminder of human mortality, usually represented by a skull
Divine right:
The belief in a king's absolute power as God's will.
Gleaning:
The collection by peasants of wheat scraps left in the field after a harvest.
Note 
Flashcards (34)