regeneration 2.1

How can someone’s economic and social inequality change their perception on London

Wealthier people who have higher quality of life and more opportunities may find London exciting

Poorer people with lower quality of life may feel economically and socially trapped in London

Retired people my view London as too busy and look for other paces at a slower pace

Cumulative causation model

Show’s successful places experiencing spiral of growth

occurs when people move to a successful place to provide services for those already there. This makes the area more attractive to people and investors

How are successful regions like San Francisco Bay characterised by

High rates of employment, higher levels of income, high rates of inward migration, low levels of multiple deprivation

Negative effects of a wealthy and developing region

High property prices, road congestion, strains on services (healthcare)

Why is San Francisco a successful place

• It’s one of the wealthiest cities in USA, with low employment levels (3%)

• Its known was international centre for innovation- hub for technology industry. IT companies like Twitters have their headquarters there

• Has many bioscience companies based there, fuelling job opportunities- attracted high educated migrants

Inequality in San Francisco

• Average income of top1% is 44 times higher than average income of bottom 99%

• Facing an affordability and housing crisis- 2015, 64000 jobs created but on 5000 new homes built

• Average house in San Francisco is $1.25 million

• Arrival of tech companies led to gentrification of poorer neighbourhoods so many existing residents can’t afford to live there

Spiral of decline

Places experience if after economic restricting due to change in change in economic sectors

Also known as multiplier effect

Decline in job opportunity, education, crime, services

Spiral of decline in urban areas

• occurs due to deindustrialisation where factories close and unemployment increases

• Skilled, local people leave area to find work, leaving behind less skilled and older workers

spiral of decline in rural areas

• Decline in primary sector or farming, leading to unemployment

• Young people leave area, leaving behind old population

Economic decline leads to a social decline in…

Less investment in public services (healthcare, education)

Unemployment lead to depression and increased drug use

Increase crime

Rust Belt USA

• Decline in heavy manufacturing due to manufacturing shifting to south due to cheaper labour

• led to high unemployment in the region - increased by 20%

• Cities like Detroit suffered population loss- some cities lost more than 40%, average household income is half on national average

• 2/3 of Detroit’s residents couldn’t afford basic needs

• Declining tax revenues and increased crime and drug use

why are sink estates high priorities for regeneration

have high levels of crime, drugs, gang

children born in this area are twice as likely to have mental health problems

people living in this area get trapped in a spiral of decline

what are sink estates

• areas of low income groups in need of greater social assistance as they’ve been segregated from society

what are gated communities

• enclosed estates found in regenerated areas of inner city

• walls, gates separate the community from the rest of the area

why are gated communities low priority for regeneration

• people who live there have higher income, low levels of deprivation

• Shows the large inequality between those in gated communities and those outside

• number of gated communities is increasing in the UK

why are declining rural settlements high priority for regeneration

• they’re less accessiblehigh

• levels of deprivation in access to services (banks, post offices)

• 200 village shops close every year

• But they have good community safety and housing

why are commuter villages low priority for regeneration

• Majority of rural population live in accessible rural places which are having growing population.

• Accessible rural places are close to railways, motorways encouraging commuters to locate there

• Places have wealthy, population and low levels of deprivation

• But House pricing increase forcing lower paid out

Priories for regeneration

• role of regeneration is to reverse spiral of decline to increase quality through social and economic change

• Regenerating an area improves business opportunity, improving quality of life

• Key priorities of regeneration include sink estates, declining rural settlements