APUSH Chapter 23

Warren Harding

Warren Harding

Republican Senator, chose Charles Evans Hughes to be Secretary of State, Herbert Hoover as Secretary of Commerce, and Andrew Mellon for Secretary of Treasury. He reduced income tax, increased tariffs under Fordney-McCumber Tarrif, established the Bureau of Budget, and put disonest men in important positions.

Andrew Mellon

He was the Secretary of Treasury, chosen by Harding. He reduced the federal income tax.

Charles Evans Hughes

Secretary of State chosen by Harding. He declared a 10 year holiday to build battle ships.

Herbert Hoover

Secretary of Commerce chosen by Harding. He was the Republican nominee for president.

Teapot Dome Scandal

Secretary of Interior Albert B. Fall accepted bribes for granting oil leases near Teapot Dome, also took bribes for agreeing not to persecute certain criminal suspects. Citizens lost faith in fed gov, Fall got a year of jail, ruined the prestige of Washington's government.

Fordney-McCumber Tariff

Caused an increase in tariff rates. Set high tariff rates on foreign imports to protect factories and farms. European nations were slow to recover from war, imposed tariff on American Imports. The tariff was a reason for the Great Depression.

Alfred E. Smith

A Roman Catholic who opposed prohibition, appealed to immigrant voters in the city, protestants were prejudiced against him. First Catholic elected, achieved reforms.

Henry Ford/Assembly Line/ Automobiles

Manufactured automobiles by using an assembly line. Replaced the railroads industry as key promoter of economic growth, other industries depended on automobile sales.

Ku Klux Klan

White protestants who were against blacks, Catholics, Jews, foreigners, and suspected communists. Developed strong political influence, membership, and popularity declined after Indiana's klan leader was convicted of murder.

Birth of a Nation

Silent KKK film portrayed the KKK as heroes during Reconstruction. This film attracted new members.

Washington's Conference

Secretary of State Charles Evans Hughes initiated talks on naval disarmament, hoping to stabilize the size of the US Navy. Representatives came from Belgium, China, France, Britain, Italy, Japan, Netherlands, and Portugal. They all agreed to the Five power, four power treaty, and nine power treaty to relieve tensions.

Five Power Naval Treaty

Nations with the 5 largest navies agreed to maintain a ration with respect to their battleships. US: 5, Britain: 5, Japan: 3, France: 1.67, Italy: 1.67. Britain and US agree to not fortify possessions in the Pacific while no limits were placed on Japan. This prevented an arms race by limiting naval construction.

Nine-Power China Treaty

All nine nations represented at the Washington conference agreed to respect the Open Door policy by guaranteeing the territorial integrity of China. This gave the nations the right to do business with China on equal terms.

Kellog-Briand Treaty

Renounced the aggressive use of force to achieve national ends, almost all nations of the war signed it. This was ineffective because it permitted defensive wars, failed to provide for taking action against violators of the agreement.

Latin American Policy

Mexico's Constitution of 1917 mandated gov ownership of the nation's mineral and oil resources, US investors in Mexico feared the gov might confiscate their properties. Coolidge kept US troops in Nicaragua and Haiti, withdrew troops from Dominican Republic. American economic impact increased, US investments in Latin America doubled between 1919 and 1929.

Dawes Plan

Coolidge's VP established a cycle of payments from the US to Germany, and Germany to allies. US banks would lend a lot of money to rebuild its economy and pay reparations to Britain and France. Britain and France used reparation money to pay debt to the US, this cycle eased financial problems on both sides. The Dawes Plan collapsed after the stock market crash.

Red Scare

Anti communist hysteria. Fueled xenophobia and resulted in restrictions on immigration.

Sacco and Vanzetti

Both convicted of murdering a Massachusetts paymaster and his guard, judge was prejudiced against them because they were both Italian immigrants. Liberals and radicals rallied to defend them.

Quota laws of 1921 and 1924

1921 reduced immigration to 3%, 1924 reduced the number of immigrants from Southern and Eastern Europe to 2%. Restrictions on European and Asian immigrants to 150,000, Japanese immigrants barred. The policy of unlimited immigration ended, Canadians and Latin Americans exempt.

Volstead Act

Implemented Prohibition amendment. People defied the law, alcohol was smuggled from Canada, alcohol was made in garages/basements, people went to speakeasies.

Scopes Trial/Clarence Darrow

John Scopes taught the theory of evolution, he was arrested and tried, Darrow was his lawyer. He was convicted, but the conviction got overturned.

Charles Lindbergh

An aviator who flew from Long Island to Paris. He popularized flying, gave birth to the aviation industry.

Harlem Renaissance

A black cultural renaissance, exulted black culture. Performances by Claude McKay, Langston Hughes, Louis Armstrong. This movement gave African Americans freedom.

Langston Hughes

Leading Harlem poet, wrote poem about black heritage, expressed emotions from bitterness to hope. He promoted equality, condemned racism and inequality.

Claude McKay

Leading Harlem poet who wrote about black heritage. Key figure in Harlem Renaissance, wrote poems about racial inequalities.

Duke Ellington

Jazz musician during the Jazz Age. He composed jazz pieces and helped popularize jazz music.

Louis Armstrong

Jazz musician in the Harlem Renaissance. He helped develop jazz and was a leading trumpet player.

Bessie Smith

Blues singer in Harlem Renaissance. She was the highest paid black artist, first black superstar.

Paul Robeson

He was a singer and actor. He advanced the cause of African Americans and advocated for civil rights.

Organized crime/Al Capone

A rival group of gangsters led by Al Capone illegally sold alcohol and did prostitution, gambling, and narcotics. Capone was public enemy #1, merchants had to pay protection money for their property to not get vandalized, organized crime became a big business.

Jazz Age

Brought north by black musicians, jazz became a symbol of the new and modern culture of the cities. Proliferation of phonographs and radios made this style of music available to the public.

Radio/Cinema/Hollywood/Theater/Entertainment

The movie industry was in Hollywood, became a big business, and elaborate movie theaters were built for the public. The movie industry reached new heights with sound pictures.

Sigmund Feud

Austrian psychiatrist who stressed the role of sexual repression in mental illness. This changed the way people thought about mental illness.

Margaret Sanger

Birth control advocate, contraceptives for birth control was against the law. She achieved growing acceptance for birth control.

Liberation of women

Women were able to vote with the passing of the 19th amendment, they were also able to divorce their husbands. This gave more power and freedom to women.

Gertrude Stein

He helped form the lost generation, wrote experimental poetry and prose, and joined Ezra Pound and TS Elliot in modernist literary innovation. He helped shape an artistic movement that demanded a novel form of expression.

Lost generation

What Gertrude Stein called writers who wrote about scorning religion as hypocritical, and bitterly condemned the sacrifices of war time as a fraud perpetrated by money interests. This showed the effects that war had on people.

F. Scott Fitzgerald

This writing expressed disillusionment with ideals of an entire time, and materialism of a business oriented culture. He wrote the Great Gatsby, depicted the rich.

Ernest Hemingway

He turned his war stories into novels. His literary success and personal life made him one of the most famous writers, he also won the Nobel prize.

Sinclair Lewis

A journalist from Minnesota, got famous from Main street, he wrote Babbit. He wrote satire and won the Nobel Prize.

George Gershwin

Regional artist who celebrated the rural people and scenes of the heartland of America. He blended jazz and classical music with Rhapsody in the Blue & Porgy and Bess.

Marcus Garvey

Advocated for individual and racial pride for blacks, he developed ideas of black nationalism. He established the organization for black seperationism, economic self sufficiency, and Back to Africa movement. His sale of stock in the Black Star Steamship line led him to federal charges of fraud.

Back to Africa Movement

Created Black Star Line to act as the passenger line that would carry African Americans back and forth from Africa. The line led Garvey to federal charges of fraud.

Black Pride

Individual and racial pride for African Americans. Inspired a later generation to embrace the cause of black pride and nationalism.

Palmer Raids

Unexplained bombings, Attorney General A. Mitchell Palmer established a special office to get information on radicals. 6,000 people were arrested, 500 deported.

Open Shop

Keeping jobs open to non union workers. Memberships in unions declined 20%, companies used welfare capitalism, the South used law enforcement to resist efforts to unionize the textile industry.

Consumerism/Consumer culture

Electricity allowed Americans to purchase appliances, automobiles became popular, advertising expanded. Customers paid with credit, they couldn't pay everything off, which led to the collapse of the economic boom.

Great Migration

African Americans moved from the South to North because of racial violence and economic opportunities. This created urban black communities, improved economic standing of blacks.

Modernism vs. Fundamentalism

Modernists took a historical and critical view of Bible passages, believing they could accept Darwin's Theory without abandoning their religious faith. This caused Protestants to define their faith in new ways. Protestant preachers condemned modernists. Fundamentalists blamed the liberal views of modernists for causing a decline in morals.

Billy Sunday

He was a revivalist who attacked drinking, gambling, and dancing.

Aimee Semple

Aimee Semple condemned the twin evils of communism and jazz music. Aimee founded the Foursquare church, symbolized important traits of religion.

21st Amendment

Repealed the 18th amendment. This ended prohibition.

Nye Committee Report

Documented profits arms factories made during war, found out that the main reason the US participated in war was to serve the greed of bankers and arms manufacturers. This committee's work influenced isolationist legislation in following years.

Hawley-Smoot Tariff

Increased tax on foreign imports from 31% to 49%. European countries enacted higher tariffs of their own against US goods. Both economies sank into further depression.

Buying on credit

Americans started buying goods on credit. Not being able to pay everything off led to the economic collapse.

1929 Stock Market Collapse

Caused by speculation, share prices had risen to unsustainable levels. 40% of families had incomes in the poverty range.

Rugged Individualism

Hoover's belief that people must be self reliant and not depend on the federal government for assistance. Lead to decreased support for welfare programs.