AP HUG Unit 5 (Hard Concepts)

intensive commercial ag

normal commercial, high use of input & machinery, high profit

intensive substinent ag

hard labor (poor people, rice paddies) for just enough food to survive

extensive substinent ag

few inputs, just enough food to survive, (pastoral nomads, shifting cultivation)

extensive intensive agriculture

low inputs with the goal of selling for profits (ranching)

shifting cultivation

substinent extensive, grow crops on one field for yr or two, then switch to NEW PLOT of land once loses fertility

SW Asia (fertile crescent)

wheat, barely, olives

SE Asia

Mangos, Taro, Coconus

South Asia (Indus River valley)

Barely, Cotton, Wheat, Peas

East Asia

Rice, Soybeans, walnuts

sub saharan africa

yams, coffee, african rice

mesoamerica

squash, corn, potatoes

product brought TO AMERICAS (columbian exchange)

coffee, banana, sugarcane; cattle, goats, horses

products brought TO EUROPE (columbian exchange)

potatoes, corn; turkey

enclosure acts

series of acts by biritish law (second revolution) that allowed landowners to purchase and enclose land for their own use

double cropping

planting and harvesting a crop multiple times a year

intercropping/multicropping

growing two different plants on the same fields at the same time

monoculture

only one plant/animal is grown in one season

monocropping

one crop/animal year after year

agribusiness

farms run as corporations

transnational corporations

operates in many country

vertical integration

ownership of other business involved in the process of producing a particular good

economies of scale

when producing goods in larger amounts, the cost to make the item lowers

commodity chain

the process for products to be planted and then sold (planted, grown, harvested, processed, marketed)

isotropic plain

flat and featureless with similar fertility and climate throughout

horticulture

includes market gardening/dairy farming

subsidies

public fincancial support to farmers to safeguard food production

land cover change

the study of how land is used and the impact of land change

desertification

the alteration of fertile spil to non fertile

salinization

improper use of irrigation or water with high salt concentration

added crops

those for which consumers are willing to pay more because of special qualities

value-added farmnig

when farmers process their crops into high value products (strawberries → jam) instead of keeping them the natural product

hydrponics

allows crops to grow w/o soil

community supported ah (CSA)

partnership between producer an consumer, consumer subscribes and food is made available