AP HUG Ch 8 Learning Objectives

LO 8.1.1: Explain what is meant by functional complexity

The ability of a town or city to support sizable concentrations of people who earn their living from specialized non-forming activities.

There are 6 basic characteristics all cities have:

1. Cities possess dense concentrations of people

2. Cities, unlike rural settlements, are distinguished by functional complexity

3. Cities are centers of institutional power (business, governmental, or cultural activites)

4. Cities are dynamic, human-created environments that possess complex patterns of land use

5. Cities are linked, via trade, transportation and communication

6. Cities are full of contradictions

LO 8.1.3: Distinguish between urban primacy and urban hierarchy

Urban primacy- A city that has a population 2 or more times the population of the second largest city. EX: Mexico City has a population of 20 million and the second largest city, Guadalajara, has a population of 4 million. Urban growth in the developing world is more likely to give rise to primate cities than urban growth elsewhere.

Primate cities can cause uneven development. They attract factories and business, which in turn attract people… Primate cities attract more cultural and educational resources.

Urban Hierarchies consist of a ranked series of central places.

Big Cities - smaller cities- towns-villages

This is called CPT- Central Place Theory

LO 8.1.4: Explain Central Place Theory

Market Force #1
Range- Maximum distance a person will go to for a particular good or service

Ex, we are willing to travel longer distances to obtain luxury items or to make special purchases, but we will not travel far to get milk.

Market Force #2
Threshold- the smallest number of customers required to make supplying a good/service profitable.

Ex, rare book stores and brain surgeons and found in larger cities

Goods that have a large range and threshold are high-order goods.

Cristaller’s Theory:

1. The landscape is uniform, flat surface.

2. Population is evenly distributed across the land

3. Consumers will always go to the closest store that has their needed item.
   CPT is explains the MARKET FORCES account for the “optimal distribution of centeal places".. ( a place to live that provides goods and services for its residents and its surrounding market area)

LO 8.2.1: Explain what a bid-rent curve is

The value of land is one economic force that has a strong influence on land use in cities. Land values reflect…. the accessibility and desirability of a particular site. The more its wanted, the more expensive it is.

A bid-rent curve shows how willing a person is to pay for land relative to the distance from the CBD.

LO 8.2.2: Identify and explain four models of urban structure for North American cities

Concentric zones: Groups compacted for space and resources

Sector Model: Describes the land use patterns and spatial structures for cities.

Multiple Nuclei: Alternate the way of understanding the urban spatial structure of North American cities by introducing several centers of growth rather than a single central area.

Urban Realms/ Galactic: An independent identity, with its own downtown or commercial center.

LO 8.2.3: Account for the difference in the urban form of eastern and western European cities

After WWII and until the fall of communism in 1989, cities in eastern Europe and the Soviet Union were influenced by political and economic systems different from Western Europe.. Such as “socialist cities”… developed a distinctive urban form. One crucial difference is that because the land and economy were controlled by the state, there was no bidding process for land. Large, residential “housing” consisted of numerous apartments were often built near factories and on the margins of the city.

Compared to cities in the West, retail and commercial land use in the socialist city was much more limited, but there were sizable plazas and parks for public use.

ACCOUNT FOR THE DIFFERENCE: Means show us the reason behind the difference affected how the two are different

LO 8.2.4: Describe characteristics of a hybrid city

A city that exhibits a mixture of indigenous, colonial, and globalizing influences is a hybrid city.

LOCAL CBD: Includes indigenous markets and small-scale retailing that serves a local clientele and adjacent residential areas. Has been a chief destination for rural migrants

NATIONAL CBD: Corresponds to the CBD established when Ghana was a British colony. Includes a mix of domestic and some older foreign films as well as government functions

GLOBAL CBD: Exhibits a ribbon-like configuration along certain major thorough fares. Includes subsidiaries

LO 8.3.1: Distinguish between redlining and blockbusting

REDLINING: The biased practice of refusing to offer home loans to neighborhoods judged to be a financial risk without considering an individual’s financial qualifications

BLOCKBUSTING: Using scare tactics and panic selling to promote the rapid transition of a neighborhood from one ethnic or racial group to another

LO 8.3.2: Define sprawl and explain how it is measured

Sprawl transforms urban landscapes. Sprawl occurs when the rate at which land is urbanized greatly exceeds the rate of population growth.

To urbanize land means to develop it for residential, commercial and industrial purposes.

Sprawl has a number of economic and environmental costs.]

LO 8.3.3: Summarize the process of slum formation

1. An urban city is created/established, cities grow populations

2. Rapid urbanization increased demand for housing, jobs, and urban infrastructure

3. Slums are created, an area of a city characterized by overcrowding, makeshift or dilapidated housing, little to no access to basic infrastructure and services such as clean water and waste disposal

LO 8.3.4: Identify the main goals of new urbanism

1. To prevent sprawl: Retail/land use can be with residential land use and transportation corridors by including shops and grocery stores

2. To create walkable neighborhoods: Using smaller lot sizes for residences and clustered development on them, clustered development encourages use of just part of a lot. To promote sustainable practices: New urbanism emphasizes environmental sustainability through green spaces and public transportation options.