1.1 Perspectives

Environmental Value System (EVS)

A worldview that shapes the way an individual or group perceives and evaluates environmental issues. It is influenced by cultural, religious, economic, and socio-political contexts.

Inputs of an EVS

Education, cultural influences, religion, media, and socio-political factors that shape how people view the environment.

Outputs of an EVS

Decisions, perspectives, and courses of action (e.g. policies, behaviors, lifestyle choices)

Ecocentric Viewpoint

A nature-centered value system that prioritizes minimal disturbance to natural processes. Humans are part of nature, not apart from it. Sustainability and self-restraint are key principles.

Anthropocentric Viewpoint

A human-centered value system that believes humans can sustainably manage the environment through regulation, education, and taxes or legislation.

Technocentric Viewpoint

A technology-centered value system that sees technological development and scientific research as key to solving environmental problems.

Cultural Factors

Beliefs, traditions, and historical relationships with nature (e.g. Indigenous respect for nature vs. industrialized exploitation).

Economic Factors

Wealth, development level, and dependence on natural resources (e.g. LEDCs often prioritize development over conservation).

Political Factors

Government type, policies, and national priorities (e.g. pro-growth vs. pro-conservation governments).

Religious Factors

Teachings about humanity’s role in nature (e.g. stewardship vs. dominion).

Socioeconomic Status

Wealthier individuals may have more access to environmental education and the ability to make sustainable choices.

Intrinsic Value

The inherent worth of something, independent of its usefulness to humans (e.g. a species has value even if it doesn’t benefit us).

Instrumental Value

The value of something as a means to an end — its usefulness to humans (e.g. forests for timber or climate regulation).

Environmental Movement

A collective effort (from individuals, NGOs, and governments) to raise awareness and promote actions to protect the environment.

Historical Events Influencing the Movement

• Rachel Carson’s Silent Spring (1962) — sparked awareness about pesticides (DDT) and led to tighter pollution controls.

• Chernobyl Disaster (1986) — raised awareness about the dangers of nuclear energy.

• Earth Summit (Rio, 1992) — promoted global cooperation for sustainable development.

• Kyoto Protocol (1997) and Paris Agreement (2015) — international efforts to reduce greenhouse gas emissions.

Environmental NGOs

Organizations that influence public opinion and policy (e.g. Greenpeace, WWF).