EARTHSCI - Energy Resources

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38 Terms

1

energy

the capacity to do work

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2

Resource

any item which is used for a specific purpose

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Renewable Resources

-natural resources that can be replenished in a human time scale

-Solar, Geothermal, Wind, Biomass, Water

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Nonrenewable Resources

-natural resources that can be replenished in a human time scale

-nuclear and fossil fuels

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I. FOSSIL FUELS

a. coal

b. petroleum

c. natural gas

II. NUCLEAR ENERGY

NONRENEWABLE RESOURCES:

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FOSSIL FUELS

The world's primary energy source.

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7

COAL

-A black combustible rock made up of elemental carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, and varying amounts of sulfur.

-Formed from the remains of plants that once grew in swamps and adjacent forests millions of years ago.

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PEAT

-forms from continuous burial and compaction of decaying vegetation

-a precursor of coal containing 50% carbon.

-transformed into coal at burial depths of 4 to 10 km.

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9

Lignite

Bituminous coal

Anthracite

CLASSIFICATIONS OF COAL

(ACCORDING TO CARBON CONTENT):

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Lignite

classification of coal:

- a soft, dark-brown, low rank coal composed of 70% carbon.

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Bituminous coal

classification of coal:

- dull, black, mid-rank coal composed of 70% carbon

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Anthracite

classification of coal:

- shiny, black, high-rank coal composed of 95% carbon

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-from giant plants that died in swamps and buried under water and dirt. heat and pressure turned them into coal.

How is coal made?

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14

PETROLEUM

-comes from the Latin words petra which means "rock", and oleum which means "oil".

-naturally occurring liquid composed of complex hydrocarbons

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With increasing pressure and temperature due to continuous burial, the organic matter in aquatic organisms transforms into a waxy material known as kerogen, and eventually into hydrocarbons through the process of catagenesis.

HOW PETROLEUM IS MADE?

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16

Natural gas

a hydrocarbon mostly made up of methane

Methane is a simple chemical compound that is made up of carbon and hydrogen atoms.

This gas is lighter than air and highly flammable.

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Form within a specific depth, pressure, and temperature range known as "oil window"

If the temperature increases beyond oil window, oil is converted into natural gas in a process called thermal cracking

How is natural gas made?

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18

NUCLEAR ENERGY

Nuclear reactions occur when atoms of one species of a chemical element are transformed into atoms of another species by nuclear change.

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fission

splitting of heavy atoms into lighter atoms.

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fusion

combination of two light atoms to form a heavier atom.

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1. Fuel rod should maintain a certain temperature; otherwise, it could be generate temperature high enough to use meltdown or explosion of radioactive materials.

2. The generation of radioactive wastes.

TWO PROBLEMS ASSOCIATED WITH NUCLEAR POWER PLANT:

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1. geothermal energy

2. hydroelectric energy

3. wind energy

4. solar energy

5. biomass

RENEWABLE

RESOURCES

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GEOTHERMAL ENERGY

Earth's internal heat

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- In cold areas like Iceland, geothermal heat is used directly.

- Water heated by hot volcanic rocks is used for heating household interiors, growing vegetables during winter, aquaculture, and heating humanmade pool.

- In ancient times, Romans recognized the importance of hot spring for heating and for treating skin diseases.

SEVERAL WAYS OF HARNESSING GEOTHERMAL ENERGY

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HYDROELECTRIC ENERGY

- Water and gravity generate energy

- An object at rest in a higher elevation has a gravitation potential energy. When it moves to lower elevation, potential energy is transformed into kinetic energy

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Hydropower

the power generated by the energy from falling water or fast running water.

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Hydroelectricity

electricity generated from hydropower.

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Head- height difference between source and the water's outflow

Water enters the intake at the bottom of the reservoir and flows through a tunnel or large pipe called penstock to reach the turbine.

The water pressure causes the turbine to rotate and generate electricity.

HOW IS HYDROELECTRICTY GENERATED?

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head

height difference between source and the water's outflow

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vasahin:

- The higher the dam, the higher the head, and the stronger is the pressure that would cause the turbine to generate power.

- When reservoir is not in its full capacity even in high dams, the head is lower.

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SMALL-SCALE HYDROPOWER

- run - of - the - river power has become more common

generates 10 MW to 30 MW of electricity.

- further subdivided into minihydro, which can generate <500 kW and microhydro, which has <100 kW capacity.

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A diversion structure, called weir, is constructed along the steams to divert water and allow it to flow through a canal, called headrace, into a forebay where sediments can settle.

HOW DOES SMALL-SCALE HYDROPOWER WORK?

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TIDAL POWER SYSTEM

- A dam called barrage is built in the tidal inlet and water is allowed to enter during high tide.

-The water is then allowed to be released during low tide.

- As the water flows, a turbine installed at the bottom of the structure generates electricity.

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WIND ENERGY

- Air moves from higher to lower pressure as a result of uneven heating of Earth's surface by the sun.

- Hot air rises and cooler air moves down, forming wind currents

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- Gust- short - duration, high - speed wind

- Breeze, Gale, Storm, or Hurricane- duration wind with various strengths

kinds of wind energy:

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WIND FARM

- A collection of individual wind turbines

- It is connected to an electric power transmission network or power grid.

- Wind speeds ranging from 6.4 m/s to 10 m/s are considered good to excellent.

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SOLAR ENERGY

Energy from the Sun

ex. calatagan solar farm

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BIOMASS

Energy from burning organic or living matter.

ex. san carlos biopower

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