Music Mtel

contrary motion

when two parts move in opposite directions

parallel motion

when two voice parts move in the same direction and maintain the same interval.

similar motion

when two voices move in the same direction but at different intervals

oblique motion

when one voice stays the same, the other moves

anticipation tone

A note that is dissonant and accented, but reharmonized immediately afterwards

Nota Cambiata

five quarter-notes beginning on either the first or the third quarter of the bar and having the following properties: (1) the second quarter enters by step and is dissonant; (2) the second quarter continues in the same direction by a third-leap to the third quarter, which must be consonant; and (3) the fourth and fifth quarters (the latter of which must be consonant) move by step in the opposite direction

Appoggiatura

Dissonance that is approached by leap, resolved by step

Suspension

A unaccented dissonance that is prepared in one measure and carried over into the next to be resolved on an off-beat.

Neighbor Tone

A nonharmonic tone which steps below (lower neighbor) or above (upper neighbor) the chord tones.

passing tone

A nonharmonic tone which steps between two chords

escape tone

approached by step, left by leap in opposite direction

relative minor

the minor key with the same key signature as a major key

parallel minor

Minor key having the same tonic as a Major key, but a different key signature.

Instruments that use the Treble Clef

Violin, Flutes, Clarinets, High Brass, Auxiliary Percussion

Instruments that use Bass Clef

Low Brass, Low Strings, Bassoon and timpani

Instruments that use the Alto Clef

Viola

Instruments that use the Tenor C Clef

Basson, Cello and Trombone

Concert Band vs Symphonic Band

Concert Bands are normally smaller than Symphonic Bands and Symphonic Bands may use String Bass.

Soprano Range

Bb3-C6

Alto Range

F3-D5

Tenor Range

B3-G4

Bass Range

E2-E4

Baritone Range

A2 to G4

Mezzo-soprano range

A3-G5

Standard Instrumentation for Concert Band

2 Flutes, 2 Oboes, 2 Bassoons, 3 Clarinets, 1 Bass Clarinet, 4 Saxophones, 4 Horns, 3 Trumpets, 3 Trombones, 1 Baritone Horn, 1 Tuba, 3 or 4 Percussion Instruments, with a total of 40-50 people.

Classical orchestra

Classical music is highly homophonic and focuses on melody and accompaniment textual form. Woodwind sections begin to maintain a melodic role within the orchestra; brass in bassoon start to become independent instrument groups within the orchestra.

Rhythm

Movement of music over time

Durational rhythm

Closely tied with meter and consist of the aspect of rhythm associate with patterns of durations emphases and groupings.

Tonal rhythm

Independent of meter. rhythmic properties of the tonal system. EX. sources of tonal rhythm include recurrence of a single tone, the octave relationship chordal and linear associations, consonance, and dissonance.

Forzando (fz)

Forced, a strong accent

rinforzando (rfz.)

reinforced; played with added strength and emphasis

Sforzando (sfz)

Sudden strong accent

con amore

With love; played with legato articulations, rubato and more dramatic dynamic contrast.

Con bravura

with bravery

con brio

with spirit

con fuoco

with fire

con grazia

with grace

Con tenerezza

With tenderness

Tenuto

Hold the note for its full value

portato

an articulated slur represented by a slur over notes with dots

staccato

short and detached

Stacatissimo

Very short and detached

larghissimo

very slow, more so than largo

Largo

Slow

larghetto

slightly faster than largo

Adante

walking speed

Moderato

moderate tempo

Allegro

fast tempo

vivace

lively and fast

Presto

Very fast

affretando

Excitedly, increasing the tempo

Slentando

slowing down

allargando

broadening; gradually slower

calando

gradually slower and softer

détaché

one note per bow stroke

Ondulé

Bow plays two adjacent strings like a tremolo

sautillé

bouncing bow, rapid spiccato, very close to string

sul ponticello

play near the bridge

sul tasto

play over the fingerboard

Martelé

very strongly accented, sharp attack with clean stop

ricochet

Rapid bouncing of the upper third of the bow as the players drops the bow on the down bow

Louré

slightly separated in a slur

col legno

with the wood of the bow

Cadenza

a virtuoso solo passage inserted into a movement in a concerto or other work, typically near the end.

Choral balance

An equal level of sound coming from all ranges of voices

Choral Blend

Uniform vowels and tone from all singers

Perfect Authentic Cadence

V(7) to I (with tonic in soprano)

Imperfect Cadence (IAC)

V-I Cadence but the soprano does not end on the tonic

Plagal Cadence

a IV - I cadence (frequently ending church music - sounds like 'Amen')

Deceptive Cadence

V to anything but I (usually vi)

Half Cadence

A I-V Cadence

Natural Minor

b3, b6, b7

Harmonic Minor

b3, b6, raised 7

Melodic Minor

Ascending: b3, raised 6 and 7

Descending: b7, b6, b3

Whole Tone Scale

Scale of only Whole Steps

12 tone music

A way to develop atonal musical combinations through the use of rows. Can be modified through Retrograde, Inversion and Retrograde Inversion

Fugue

Imitating counterpoint in which a fugue theme is introduced at the beginning of the work, also known as the exposition, and is echoed in all of the fugal voices through imitation is development

Adagio

At ease, slower than andante but faster than largo

Hemiola

a shift of the rhythmic pulse from a division of 2 to a division of 3

binary form

a musical form consisting of two units (A and B) constructed to balance and complement each other

rounded binary form

Compositional form with two sections, in which the second ends with a return to material from the first; each section is usually repeated.

ternary form

Three-part (A-B-A) form based on a statement (A), contrast or departure (B), and repetition (A). Also three-part form.

Monophony

single-line texture, or melody without accompaniment

Homophony

Different Pitches, Same Rhythm

Polyphony

the style of simultaneously combining a number of parts, each forming an individual melody and harmonizing with each other.

Heterophony

multiple performers playing simultaneous variations of the same line of music

Equal-voiced polyphony

all voices of equal importance and (usually) equal rhythmic activity. Tenor no longer structural.

Unequal-voice polyphony

Polyphony in which greater importance is given to one or more melodic lines

Sacred Vocal Music of the Medieval Era

Gregorian Chant and Masses

Secular vocal music of the medieval era

Music for dance and entertainment, sung by troubadours and trouvères

Organum

Medieval polyphony that consists of Gregorian chant and one or more additional melodic lines

Medieval Motet

Features a tenor line derived from plainchant with one or more upper voices in French or Latin. The tenor line usually had a short repeated rhythmic pattern, while the upper voices had contrasting, lively upper voices.

first mass by a known composer

Guillame du Machaut's Mess de Notre Dame

Six Sections of the Musical Mass

Kyrie, Gloria, Credo, Sanctus, Benedictus, and Agnus Dei

Renaissance Motet

Polyphonic choral work set to a sacred Latin text other than the ordinary of the mass. Composers introduced imitation, homophony, and four part harmony into this motet

Characteristics of Baroque Music

Embellishments, Polyphony, Complexity, Basso Continuo,

nationalism in music

patriotism expressed through music; influence of folk song and dance, myths and legends, landscapes, historical events.

program music

instrumental music associated with a story, poem, idea, or scene

absolute music

instrumental music composed purely as music, and not intended to represent or illustrate something else.

Impressionism in music

A musical movement which reflected the French artistic movement of the same name. It employed expanded harmonic vocabulary (whole tone, modal, pentatonic scales and parallel chords) which were used to subtly suggest images rather than directly depicting them.