BIO 201 FINAL

Metabolism is defined as

all the chemical reactions occurring in an organism that support life

Which of the following lists best illustrates the idea of increasing levels of complexity?

Organelles, cells, tissues, organs, organ systems

Which of the following illustrates a positive feedback solution?

Uterine contractions during childbirth

Which of the following is NOT true of organelles?

They are only in cells of humans

Maintaining a stable internal environment typically requires

negative feedback mechanisms

The recent discovery of taste receptors in the small intestine that detect sweetness illustrates that

new discoveries about anatomy and physiology are still being made

A parietal layer of a serous membrane \________, whereas a visceral layer of a serous membrane \________.

lines cavities; covers organs

Cell death first occurs

in the fetus

body has been sectioned in such a way that there is one whole lung per section and the urinary bladder has been split in half. What type of section is this?

Sagittal

One characteristic that centenarians share is

never having smoked

The term "physiology" is related to

Greek word for "relationship to nature"

In negative feedback mechanisms, changes away from the normal state

stimulate changes in the opposite direction

Which of the following is true concerning the female reproductive system?

All of the choices are correct

Homeostasis exists if concentrations of water, nutrients, and oxygen in the body are balanced and heat and pressure \________.

remain within certain limited ranges

Which of the following processes is most important to the continuation of the human species?

Reproduction

Which of the following is not an example of a negative homeostatic mechanism in the human body?

Retention of fluid leading to retention of more fluid

Wrinkled and sagging skin results from

loss of subcutaneous fat, elastin, and collagen.

Pneumothorax (collapsed lung) is a condition that occurs when space forms between the lung and the wall of the pleural cavity. This space would be between \________.

The parietal pleura and visceral pleura

When the body is placed in the anatomical position, which of the following is NOT true?

The palms are facing backward

Which of the following is not part of the female reproductive system?

The bulbourethral gland

Homeostasis is the

tendency of the body to maintain a stable internal environment

Skin cancer is most likely to develop from

Nonpigmented epithelial cells

Mira Dry is a cosmetic procedure where the underarm areas are microwaved. After this procedure, patients notice a drastic reduction in both the usual foul smell of body odor and wetness from regular sweating. Hair structures remain unaffected. According to these results, what structures must be damaged?

Eccrine and apocrine sweat glands

A person's hands are exposed to a chemical that causes neurological damage. They begin to lose feeling in the skin of their palms and fingers, particularly the sense of fine touch. They no longer can differentiate textures in objects, nor can they tell when they are touching something. What skin structures must have been damaged?

Meissner's corpuscles

The human integumentary system includes

Skin, nails, hair follicles, and sweat glands

Individuals at elevated risk for hypothermia include

All of the answer choices are correct

In a condition called incontinentia pigmenti, the skin has deep dark splotches, due to melanin that seeps down into the dermis. Normally, melanin is confined to the

Epidermis

The subcutaneous layer is

Not part of the skin

Once a scab has formed, what happens next?

Fibroblasts from the wound edge form new collagenous fibers.

The dermis is composed largely of

Dense irregular connective tissue

Accessory structures of the skin originate from the

Epidermis

Nerve fibers scattered throughout the dermis are associated with

Muscles, glands, and sensory receptors

Which is the most likely explanation for the defect in dystrophic epidermolysis bullosa, in which the skin blisters in response to any touch?

Collagen fibrils that attach the epidermis to the dermis break down

The major blood vessels that supply the skin are in the

Subcutaneous layer

Corns are

Keratinized conical masses on toes

A person slams their fingers in a door. Their fingernails are damaged near the lunula, forming large white ovals at the site of the injury. As time progresses, what happens to the damaged (white) area?

The white ovals will gradually move upward toward the free edge of the nail and then be worn away with the free nail edge

We enjoy sunbathing because it stimulates keratinocytes to release

Beta endorphin

The nerve fibers in the dermis stimulate

Muscles and glands in the dermis

A man donates part of his liver to his daughter, who suffers from cystic fibrosis. This procedure is a(n)

Allograft

The primary curves of the vertebral column are the

Thoracic and sacral curvatures

The zygomatic arch is composed of processes of

The zygomatic and temporal bones

A landscaper accidentally had their leg crushed by a tree. Their femur was impacted with such force that a section of the bone completely shattered into fragments. What type of break is this?

A comminuted fracture

If the atlas and axis were replaced with typical cervical vertebrae, \________ would be affected.

The ability to pivot the head from side to side

Which of the following is the most abundant form in which calcium is found in the inorganic matrix of the bone?

Hydroxyapatite

Exercise \________ and \________ bones.

Thickens; strengthens

One of your friend's femurs is abnormally short and curved. When asked about it, they tell you that when they were very young, they fell from a tree and fractured the femur at the distal end. Their pediatrician urged the parents to allow your friend to receive surgery for the fracture, but they refused. What most likely happened to result in the abnormal femur?

Because the epiphyseal plate was not repaired, any subsequent growth in the bone was stunted and abnormal

Which three bones fuse to form the hip bone?

The ilium, the ischium, and the pubis

Bacteria infecting the mucous membranes in the air cells of the mastoid process most likely spread from the

Middle ear

Articular cartilage of a long bone is found

On the outer surface of the epiphyses

Which of the following describes the female pelvis compared to that of the male?

The distance between the female ischial spines is greater

Which of the following bones is NOT part of the orbit of the skull?

Vomer

The talus, calcaneus, navicular, cuboid, and lateral, intermediate, and cuneiform bones are all part of the

Foot

A bone thickens

As compact bone is deposited beneath the periosteum of the diaphysis

The thyroid hormone thyroxine \________

Stimulates replacement of cartilage with bone in the epiphyseal plate

Connie recently celebrated her 45th birthday. She feels okay most of the day, but in the morning, for about a half hour after she gets out of bed, all of her joints feel stiff. This is due to

Changes in collagen structure

Joints are also called

Articulations

Which of the following best describes the causes of common forms of arthritis?

Rheumatoid arthritis is an autoimmune disease and osteoarthritis is caused by effects of aging.

A person works an office job that requires them to be in a sitting position for 10 hours a day. They go home and sit until they go to bed. This person never exercises and rarely gets up to move around after being seated. Their joints begin to constantly feel stiff and painful. On a physiological level, what has happened to cause these symptoms?

Lack of movement hinders blood from moving through the vessels of the synovial membrane, which starves the ligaments of nutrients and causes them to lose elasticity

You turn your head to look at something. What type of joint movement is this?

Rotation

In rheumatoid arthritis

The synovial membrane becomes inflamed and thickens, forming a mass

Fluid

filled sacs containing synovial fluid are called

Types of fibrous joints include

Syndesmosis, suture, and gomphosis joints

Cartilaginous joints are connected by

Hyaline cartilage or fibrocartilage

Fibrocartilage discs that divide the joint into two compartments are called

Menisci

A suture is an example of a(n)

Fibrous joint

A patient is experiencing joint inflammation and pain. They undergo an arthrocentesis and their physician discovers cloudy, pus

filled synovial fluid. Which of these conditions is most likely occurring?

A synchondrosis

Allows bone growth

While examining a sample of muscle tissue under a microscope, you notice that the cells have a single nucleus. The fibers are striated and heavily branched. Which muscle type does this sample contain?

Cardiac muscle

At a neuromuscular junction, the muscle fiber membrane folds, forming a

Motor end plate

Skeletal muscles help maintain body temperature in that

The more active they are, the more heat is released

Threshold stimulus is the

Minimum strength of stimulation required to contract a muscle fiber

The structures that connect cardiac muscle cells are

Intercalated discs

Which of the following is NOT true?

Red fibers have fewer mitochondria than white

The linea alba is

A band of tough connective tissue to which abdominal wall muscles attach

Which of the following is NOT a muscle of mastication?

Zygomaticus

A sign of aging of the muscular system is

Decreased supplies of myoglobin

A tendon is \________, whereas an aponeurosis is \________.

Cordlike and connects muscles to bones; a broad sheet of dense connective tissue that connects muscles to muscles

Myofibrils are composed primarily of

Actin and myosin

Which of the following cells is found only in the PNS?

Schwann cell

A neuron receives a stimulation that causes Cl

channels to open, resulting in a hyperpolarization of the neuronal membrane. This situation is an example of a(n)

The neurotransmitter that controls skeletal muscle contraction is

Acetylcholine

Marjorie takes an anti

anxiety drug so that she can sleep better and remain calm enough to study effectively. She begins by taking 25 milligrams every evening, but within a month this dose is no longer helping, so she takes two pills. After another month this dosage is no longer effective. This is happening because

The most rapid conduction of an impulse along an axon occurs on a fiber that is

Thick and myelinated

In reuptake

A neurotransmitter that has already been released into the synaptic cleft is taken back into the synaptic knob of the presynaptic neuron.

A neuron receives a series of stimuli that increases the membrane permeability of Na+, but not enough to cause membrane potential to surpass

55mV. This neuron is said to be

The neurotransmitter most likely produced when a person uses a drug that creates a sense of well

being is

Opiate drugs derived from poppies relieve pain in humans because the human nervous system has

Receptors for endogenous opiates

Neural stem cells can be harvested from autopsies and stored, alive, in banks, whereas neurons cannot, because

Neural stem cells have lower oxygen and energy requirements than neurons.

Sensory receptors include

Baroreceptors

The hearing receptors are most closely associated with the

Spiral organ

Olfactory receptors, which provide the sense of smell, are

Chemoreceptors

A person is born with a genetic mutation that causes rhodopsin to be improperly produced, rendering it useless. Which structure(s) will specifically be affected?

Rods

Which example fits? "A sensation is \________ , and projection of a sensation is \________."

Nociceptors sending pain signals about tissue damage from a bee sting on your finger; the brain recognizing that the pain is from your finger

The sequence of information flow in response to biting into a slice of pizza is

Sensory receptors activated, impulse sent to CNS, sensation, perception

The taste sensation that amino acids such as glutamic acid cause is

Umami

Pain receptors

Respond to factors that can damage tissue

Which of the following characteristics of life and their descriptions is correct?

Circulation—the movement of substances in body fluids

An investigator who conducts an experiment to determine how temperature changes affect the rate at which the heart beats is most likely a(n)

Physiologist

The anatomical term that indicates a structure close to the surface is

Superficial

The origin of the term "anatomy" is related to

the Greek word for "cutting up"