APUSH UNIT 7

adding more as I go;)

Initiative

A legislative proposal put directly to voters for approval or rejection, allowing citizens to participate in the lawmaking process.

Referendum

Allowed voters to approve or reject laws passed by legislature

Recall

Enabled voters to remove elected officials from office before their term ended.

17th Amendement

1913, provided for the direct election of U.S. Senators by voters.

Secret Ballot(Austrailian ballot)

A voting method where voters mark their choices in privacy

Women’s suffrage(19th Amendment

Passed in 1920, it granted women the right to vote in the United States.

Kessy V fugerson

A landmark Supreme Court case regarding voting rights that established standards for election procedures.

Jim crow laws

State and local laws that enforced racial segregation in the Southern United States from the late 19th century until the civil rights movement.

WEB Du Bois

Wanted immediate equality through political action

Booker T Washington

Education and job training

Jane Adams

A social reformer and an influential leader in the settlement house movement, she advocated for social justice and worked to improve the lives of the urban poor.

Isa Tarbell

American investigative journalist known for exposing corrupt practices especially in her book "The History of the Standard Oil Company."

Meat inspection act of 1907

Legislation that mandated federal inspections of meat products to ensure they met safety standards, partly influenced by Upton Sinclair's "The Jungle."

Food and drug act 1906

Legislation that provided for the federal regulation of food and drug safety, prohibiting the sale of adulterated or misbranded products.

Election of 1912

A presidential election featuring Theodore Roosevelt, William Howard Taft, and Woodrow Wilson, highlighting the split in the Republican Party and the rise of Progressive reforms.

William Steward

An American politician who served as Secretary of State under Abraham Lincoln and Andrew Johnson, known for his significant role in the purchase of Alaska from Russia in 1867. bought alaska, got the US to build a canal in nicaragua, annex midway island in the pacific. Could not get us to annex hawaii or the danish west indies

Imperialism

A policy of extending a country's power and influence through diplomacy or military force, often characterized by the acquisition of territories or colonies.

Jingoism

The extreme patriotic sentiment that advocates for aggressive foreign policy and military intervention.

Yellow Journalism

A type of sensationalized and exaggerated reporting that emerged in the late 19th century, often used to stir public opinion and promote war, particularly during the Spanish-American War.

Spanish American war

1898, That Splendid Little War" resulting in the US acquisition of Philippines, Guam, and Puerto Rico, making the US a world power.

USS Maine

US battleship that exploded in Havana Harbor; sensationalized by yellow journalism, leading to war with Spain.

Anti-Imperalist League

Organization formed in 1898 to oppose the annexation of the Philippines, arguing it violated democratic principles.

Insular Cases

Supreme Court cases (1901) ruling that constitutional rights did not automatically extend to territorial possessions.

Teller Amendemtn

Legislation passed in 1898 that stipulated the US would not annex Cuba after the Spanish-American War, ensuring Cuban independence.

Platt Amendment

Replaced the Teller Amendment; allowed the US to intervene in Cuban affairs and established a naval base (Guantanamo Bay).It restricted Cuba's sovereignty by preventing it from entering into treaties with other nations without US approval.

Open door policy

US policy advocating equal trading rights for all nations within China.

Rooservelt Corollary

Addition to the Monroe Doctrine stating the US would intervene in Latin American affairs to ensure stability.It aimed to justify US intervention in the region under the premise of maintaining order and preventing European intervention.

Panama Canal

A man-made waterway in Panama that connects the Atlantic and Pacific Oceans, significantly reducing shipping time.

Progressibism

A social and political movement in the early 20th century aimed at addressing issues caused by industrialization, urbanization, and corruption through reforms in government and society.

Muckrackers

journalists, such as Ida Tarbell and Lincoln Steffens, who exposed corruption in politics and business to prompt reform.

Taylorism

A management theory using efficiency experts and stopwatches to streamline factory production; progressives applied this to government for efficiency.

Munipical Reform

Changes made to city governments to reduce the power of political machines, including city manager systems and public control of utilities.

Neutrailty

President Wilson’s initial foreign policy to keep the U.S. out of the European war.

Lusitania

A British passenger ship sunk by a German U-boat in 1915, killing American passengers and turning US public opinion against Germany.

Sussex Pledge

A 1916 promise by Germany to warn ships before sinking them, which they later broke.

Zimmerman Telegram

A secret 1917 intercepted message from Germany to Mexico promising to return US territory if Mexico joined the Central powersin World War I, which helped sway American opinion toward entering the war.

Unrestricted Submarine Warfare

Germany’s policy to sink any ship In the war zone, a main cause of US entry in WWI

American Expeditonary Force

The American Expeditionary Force was the US military group sent to Europe during World War I, led by General John J. Pershing to support the Allies.

Fourteen Points

Woodrow Wilson’s 1918 proposal for a postwar settlement, emphasizing self determination, freedom of the seas, and the Leauge of nations

Treaty of Versailles

the 1919 treaty of ending WWi; it heavily punished Germany and established the League of Nations

Article X

The clause In the league of nations covenant that required members to defend other members, which is senators feared would limit American sovereignty.

Irreconcilables

a group of senators who completely opposed the treaty of versailes and us participation in the league of nations

Reservationaists

senators led by henry Cabot lodge who would only support the treaty of versailles if changes were made to article x to ensure it did not compromise U.S. sovereignty.

Big four

the leaders of the main allied nations( US, Britain, France, Italy) who played key roles in negotiating the Treaty of Versailles following World War I.

Schenck V United States(1919)

A Supreme Court case that upheld the conviction of Charles Schenck for distributing anti-draft leaflets during World War I, ruling that certain limits on free speech are permissible during wartime.

The Great Migration

The mass movement of African Americans from the rural South to industrial cities in the North between 1916 and 1970, seeking better economic opportunities and escaping racial segregation.

Propaganda

Information, often biased or misleading, used to promote a political cause or point of view, especially during wartime.

restricting civil Liberties

The Espionage Act (1917) and Sedition Act (1918) were passed to curb opposition to the war, making it illegal to interfere with the draft or speak against the government.

Mobilization and Economy

The U.S. government mobilized the economy through agencies like the War Industries Board, encouraging voluntary compliance with production goals, promoting conservation, and financing the war through Liberty Bonds.

Red scare(1919-1920)

Post-war fear of radical communists (Bolsheviks) and labor unions, fueled by the Russian Revolution and strikes.

Liberty Bonds

Loans sold by the government to citizens to finance the war effort.

Food Adminerstration

Directed by Herbert Hoover, it encouraged voluntary conservation of food ("meatless Mondays") to ensure enough supplies for troops.

National War Labor Board

Headed by Taft, it mediated labor disputes to prevent strikes that could cripple the war production.

Annexation of Hawaii

strategic location in the Pacific, economic benefits from the lucrative sugar industry, and growing American expansionist and imperialist ambitions

The Spanish Flu

a deadly influenza pandemic that spread rapidly after World War I, infecting about one-third of the world's population and causing millions of deaths.

federal reserve act

legislation that created the Federal Reserve System, establishing a central bank for the United States to regulate the nation's monetary policy and stabilize the economy.

national park service

conserve the natural scenery, historical objects, and wildlife for the enjoyment of the American people.

The Pendleton Act

1883 ending the practice of patronage and the spoils system

Unsanitary practices of the meatpacking industry where written about in the book

The Jungle byUpton Sinclair

This led to the passage of the Pure Food and Drug Act

The Jungle by Upton Sinclair

Direct Primary

Special elections were held to determine whom Party members wanted to repersent them as candidates in the general election

19 amendment

Made possible for women to vote

16 amendment

1913 Established a federal income tax