AP Human Geo - Unit 4 | 2.0

State

Country, political entity

Nation

Groups of people with shared language, religion, ethnicity, and/or heritage, cultural entity

Nation-State

The whole state is one nation

Stateless Nation

When a nation doesn’t have sovereignty

Multistate Nation

A nation spanning more than one country

Multinational State

A country with various ethnicities/ cultures living inside

Perforated (state shape)

State with another state inside it

Prorupted (state shape)

Compact state with a long extension (panhandle)

Fragmented (state shape)

One state broken up

Elongated (state shape)

Long

Spratly Islands (location, who disputes it, why)

South China Sea; China, Taiwan, Vietnam, Philippines, Malasia, Brunei; has a lot of natural resources

Antecedent Boundaries

Borders drawn before it was well populated ~Opposite of Subsequent Borders~

Subsequent Boundaries

Borders drawn after the areas are already well settled ~Opposite of Antecedent Boundaries

Consequent Boundaries

Type of Subsequent boundary, Borders drawn based on cultural landscapes

Superimposed Boundary

Borders drawn over existing accepted borders by an outside force (Africa, Berlin Conference)

Geometric boundaries

Mathematical boundaries, typically follow lines of latitude of longitude.

Definition (Creating boundary)

Document is created that indicated exact landmarks

Delineation (Creating boundary)

Cartographers place the boundary on a map

Demarcation (Creating boundary)

Marking the boundary by some method on the ground

UNCLOS

United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea

Exclusive economic zone

The country has exclusive rights over the materials from their coast to 200 nautical miles

UNCLOS states…

A country’s territorial seas extend 12 nautical miles off its coast and it’s exclusive economic zone extends 200 nautical miles from it’s coast

Allocation Dispute

Neighboring states argue over distribution of resources

Definitional Dispute

The legal language of a boundary agreement no longer applies or can get twisted

Locational Dispute

The delineation and possible demarcation of the border is in dispute

Operational Dispute

neighboring states disagree over policies to be applied along a boundary (immigration)

Reapportionment

The seats in the House of Representatives are reallocated to different states because of change in population (different growth speeds, when on state loses people and another gains)

Electoral college

Electors, who were chosen to elect the president

Gerrymandering

Redistricting boundaries to favor one party

Unitary state

Most common, top gov has ultimate power (top-down approach)

Pros and cons of unitary state

Pros: efficient. Cons: government can more easily become corrupted