Anatomy & physiology 12 - Heart & Blood pressure

What are you getting on this bio test? ONE HUNDRED

Circulation

Blood brings nutrients (oxygen, glucose) to cells and takes wastes (CO₂) away from cells through _____

Pulmonary Circulation

• Deoxygenated blood travels from heart → lungs via Artery

• Oxygenated blood travels from lungs → heart via Vein

Systemic Circulation

• Oxygenated blood travels from heart → capillary beds (all over body) via Arteries/Arterioles

• Deoxygenated blood travels from capillary beds → heart via Veins/Venules

Artery

Takes deoxygenated blood from the heart to the lungs

Pulmonary Circulation

Vein

Takes oxygenated blood from the lungs to the heart

Pulmonary circulation

Arteries/Arterioles

Takes oxygenated blood from the heart to the capillary beds (all over body)

Systemic circulation

Veins/venules

Takes deoxygenated blood from the capillary beds to the heart

Systemic circulation

Superior/inferior Vena Cavae

Deoxygenated blood enters the Right Atrium through the _________

Right Atrium

Via the Superior/inferior Vena Cavae, deoxygenated blood enter the ________

The _______ then contracts, forcing blood through the Tricuspid Valve into the Right Ventricle

Right Ventricle

The Right Atrium contracts, forcing blood through the Tricuspid Valve into the _____

After, the _______ then contracts, then the blood travels through the Pulmonary Valve into the Pulmonary Artery

Tricuspid Valve

The Right Atrium contracts, forcing blood through the ______ into the Right Ventricle

Pulmonary Valve

Right Ventricle contracts, blood travels through the _______ into Pulmonary Artery

Pulmonary Artery/arteries

Right Ventricle contracts, blood travels through Pulmonary Valve into the ______

The _________ take deoxygenated blood to capillaries of lungs where they are oxygenated (CO₂ out, O₂ in; via diffusion)

Left Artium

Oxygenated blood then moves to the _____ through Pulmonary Veins

The _______ contracts, forcing blood through Mitral Valve into Left Ventricle

Mitral Valve

The Left Atrium contracts, forcing blood through the ______ into Left Ventricle

Left Ventricle

The Left Atrium contracts, forcing blood through Mitral Valve into the _____

The _______ contacts, forces blood through Aortic Valve into Aorta then to rest of body

Aortic Valve

The Left Ventricle contacts, forces blood through the _____ into Aorta then to rest of body

Aorta

The Left Ventricle contacts, forces blood through Aortic Valve into the _______ then to rest of body

Septum

• Separates oxygenated & deoxygenated blood

• Prevents mixing (efficiency)

Chordae Tendinae

• Fibrous strings that support Atrioventricular Valves

• Prevents collapse, attached to muscular projections of ventricular walls

• Also known as Heart strings

The ‘Lub’ sound in a heartbeat

• AV valves close after Atria contract, then Ventricles relax & fill with blood

The ‘Dupp’ sound in a heatbeat

• Semi-lunar valves close after ventricles contract, while Atria relax & fill with blood

Coronary Arteries

• Branch off Aorta and wraps around heart to supply blood to the heart muscles

Cardiac Veins

• Dump blood with heart muscle wastes into Right Atrium

Heart Attack

• happens when blood is not supplied to the heart due to a pluggage within the Coronary Arteries

Nodal Tissues

• exhibits characteristics of both nerves & muscles, allowing the heart to beat without conscious control

Sinoatrial Node (SA)

• Sends out a signal from upper Right Atrium

• Makes Atria contract every ~0.85s

• A pacemaker

Atrioventricular (AV) Node

• Receives signal from SA Node at lower Right Atrium

• Conducts another signal through Purkinje Fibres (conducting fibres)

Purkinje Fibres

• Causes a wave-like contraction that travels up from the lower Ventricle.

Medulla Oblongata

• contains a cardiac control center that can alter Heart Rate (HR) via an autonomic nervous system (neurotransmitter noradrenaline / norepinephrine released by SNS)

Adrenal Medulla

• releases protein hormone epinephrine (adrenaline) to increase heart rate in response to stress

Stimuli

• causes HR to change (pH/CO₂/O₂/BP levels)

Electrocardiogram (ECG)

The readings of the electric impulses of your heart beat

P wave - Electrocardiogram (ECG)

Atria Contract

QRS Wave - Electrocardiogram (ECG)

Ventricles contract, the Atria relax

T wave - Electrocardiogram (ECG)

Ventricles relax

Systole

• The Contraction of Heart Muscle

Diastole

• The Relaxation of Heart Muscle

Systolic Blood Pressure

• Highest arterial pressure reached during ejection of blood from heart

Diastolic Blood Pressure

• Lowest arterial pressure, occurs during ventricular relaxation (T)

Sphygmomanometers

used to measure Systolic/Diastolic BP

Hypertension

Blood pressure is higher than normal

Hypotension

Blood pressure is lower than normal

Causes of Hypertension

• Diet (↑ in salt causes water retention → Blood volume increase)

• Stress (blood vessels ↓ in diameter and elasticity, stress on heart muscles)

• Kidney chemicals ↑ BP: Renin, Aldosterone (retains salt + water)

• Atherosclerosis (hardening of arteries due to plaque buildup from saturated fats / cholesterol)

• Lipoprotein amounts indicate hypertension, since Low Density Lipoproteins (LDLs) are cholesterol carriers

Aneurysm

Localized blood-filled dilation of a blood vessel

• Caused by disease/weakening of vessel wall

• Could lead to the vessel bursting

Angina Pectoris

• Radiating pain in left arm due to insufficient blood flow

Thrombus

• Stationary clot attached to blood vessel wall that slows blood flow

Embolus

• Thrombus dislodged, moves along with blood

Embolism

• Embolus gets stuck, entirely blocking blood flow

Stroke

portion of brain dies due to lack of oxygen

• Usually when blood vessel bursts or blocked by embolism