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What are strong nondeductively valid arguments?
If the premises are true, then the conclusion is probably true.
What are inductive arguments?
Arguments that involve sampling from a population and extending the results outside of the sample.
What is a cogent argument?
An inductive argument that is strong and has all true premises.
What is random sampling?
When each member of the population has an equal chance of being chosen as part of the sample.
What is an abductive argument (inference to the best explanation)?
An argument that infers an explanation for the observations one has made.
What is the Surprise Principle?
An observation O strongly favors H1 over H2: if H1 were true, O would be expected (unsurprising); if H2 were true, O would be unexpected (surprising).
What is the Only Game in Town Fallacy?
The mistake of thinking you must accept a proposed explanation just because it’s the only explanation that has been offered.