Biology 189A - Chapter 4 Pre-lecture

Energy is defined as

Multiple choice question.

anything that has mass and takes up space.

providing nutrition.

counting calories.

the ability to do work or move matter.

the ability to do work or move matter.

Select all of the following that are examples of potential energy.

Multiple select question.

muscles contracting

chemical energy stored in bonds

compressed spring

ball at the top of a hill

movement of atoms or molecules

chemical energy stored in bonds

compressed spring

ball at the top of a hill

Select all of the following that are examples of kinetic energy.

Multiple select question.

a stack of boxes

a chemical bond

an energy bar

the movement of molecules

light

a rolling cart

the movement of molecules

light

a rolling cart

One energy law states that energy cannot be created or destroyed; it can only

Multiple choice question.

become potential energy.

change forms.

decrease in entropy.

absorb heat.

change forms.

Photosynthesis converts the ______ energy in sunlight into the ______ energy in sugars.

Multiple choice question.

kinetic; potential

potential; kinetic

kinetic; kinetic

potential; potential

kinetic; potential

The ability to do work is called ______.

Multiple choice question.

energy

matter

mass

entropy

energy

According to the laws of thermodynamics, all energy transformations are inefficient because every reaction loses some energy to the surroundings as

Multiple choice question.

sound.

heat.

entropy.

light.

heat

The stored energy available to do work is called ______ energy.

Multiple choice question.

light

sound

potential

kinetic

potential

The production of new molecules and the breakdown of old molecules in the cell is called

Multiple choice question.

chemical equilibrium.

metabolism.

diffusion.

entropy.

metabolism

The energy being used to do work is called ________ energy and is the energy of motion.

kinetic

Match each reaction type with the relative energy content of reactants and products. Instructions

Drag and drop application.

Energy-requiring reaction

Energy-releasing reaction

Products contain more energy than reactants

Reactants contain more energy than products

True or false: Energy cannot be created or destroyed.

True

Redox reactions occur simultaneously: for every molecule that is reduced (gains electrons), another molecule is ______ (loses electrons).

Multiple choice question.

oxidized

converted to light energy

reduced

phosphorylated

oxidized

Organisms transform energy from one form to another. Put the following forms of energy in the order that they are harvested and converted, starting at the top with a form of energy that is not in an organism.

Sunlight is captured

Sugars are synthesized in plants and some microbes

Sugars are broken down to liberate energy that powers cellular activities

Sunlight is captured

Sugars are synthesized in plants and some microbes

Sugars are broken down to liberate energy that powers cellular activities

What molecule temporarily stores energy in cells?

Multiple choice question.

cholesterol

DNA

RNA

ATP

ATP

All energy eventually becomes ______, which is disordered energy that results from the random movements of molecules.

Multiple choice question.

heat

ATP

light

a concentration gradient

heat

Select all of the components of an ATP molecule.

Multiple select question.

three amino acids

three phosphate groups

ribose

adenine

deoxyribose

three phosphate groups

ribose

adenine

_______ is the term that describes all the chemical reactions that occur in a cell, including the building of molecules and breaking down of molecules.

metabolism

Where is the most energy stored in an ATP molecule?

Multiple choice question.

double bonds in the adenine molecule

covalent bonds in the five-carbon sugar

charged OH- groups on the five-carbon sugar

covalent bonds between phosphate groups

covalent bonds between phosphate groups

Fill in the Blank Question

An example of an energy-requiring reaction is ________ , which uses energy from the sun to produce sugars; an example of an energy-releasing reaction is cellular _______ , which releases the energy in sugars.

photosynthesis; cellular respiration

In ATP hydrolysis, the ______ between the phosphate groups in ATP are broken, and energy is released.

Multiple choice question.

hydrogen bonds

covalent bonds

ionic bonds

electron shells

covalent bonds

In oxidation-reduction reactions, energized ______ are transferred from one reactant to another.

Multiple choice question.

protons

cells

electrons

neutrons

electrons

Adenosine diphosphate is also known as

Multiple choice question.

GTP.

ADP.

ATP.

AMP.

ADP

ATP stands for ______ triphosphate, which is a molecule that powers many cellular reactions.

Multiple choice question.

adenosine

aspartame

alkaline

alpha

adenosine

Select all types of molecules that cells use for long-term energy storage.

Multiple select question.

glycogen

ATP

fats

starch

proteins

glycogen

fats

starch

Like the subunits of DNA and RNA, ATP is a type of

Multiple choice question.

monosaccharide.

nucleotide.

fatty acid.

amino acid.

nucleotide.

An ATP molecule is unstable and primed to release energy because its ______ groups are negatively charged and repel each other.

Multiple choice question.

R

amino

carboxyl

phosphate

phosphate

Without ______, many reactions would occur too slowly for an organism to survive.

Multiple choice question.

turgor

cell junctions

enzymes

cholesterol

enzymes

ATP hydrolysis releases the endmost phosphate group from ATP, producing ADP, the free phosphate group, and

Multiple choice question.

water.

energy.

glucose.

carbon dioxide.

energy

The amount of energy required to start a reaction is called the _____ energy.

Multiple choice question.

entropy

feedback

completion

activation

activation

When the endmost phosphate group is removed from ATP, what molecule is produced?

Multiple choice question.

pDTP

cAMP

AMP

ADP

ADP

The process in which a reaction's products inhibit the enzyme that catalyzes the reaction is called

Multiple choice question.

enzyme catalysis.

positive feedback.

negative feedback.

selective permeability.

negative feedback.

Fill in the Blank Question

The energy molecule ________ is not stored in large quantities in cells because its high-energy phosphate bonds are too unstable.

ATP (adenosine triphosphate)

Membranes of organelles and cells only allow specific ions, atoms, and molecules to pass because membranes are

Multiple choice question.

impermeable.

unevenly calcified.

water soluble.

selectively permeable.

selectively permeable.

Select all of the components of an ATP molecule.

Multiple select question.

three phosphate groups

adenine

deoxyribose

ribose

three amino acids

three phosphate groups

adenine

ribose

A concentration ______ occurs when there are unequal amounts of a solute in neighboring regions.

Multiple choice question.

junction

stasis

matrix

gradient

gradient

True or false: Living organisms would not be able to survive without enzymes because reactions would proceed too slowly.

True

In passive transport, no _____ is spent to pass a substance across a membrane.

energy

How do enzymes speed up biochemical reactions?

Multiple choice question.

Raise the activation energy

Lower the activation energy

Lower the pH

Raise the pH

Lower the activation energy

In diffusion, a substance moves by ______.

Multiple choice question.

active transport to a region where the substance is more concentrated

passive transport to a region where the substance is less concentrated

passive transport to a region where the substance is more concentrated

active transport to a region where the substance is less concentrated

passive transport to a region where the substance is less concentrated

As a reaction's products accumulate, the reaction rate slows or stops due to negative _________ .

negative feedback

What type of membrane transport is shown in the picture and lacks a carrier molecule?

Multiple choice question.

Facilitated diffusion

Simple diffusion

Active transport

Exocytosis

Simple diffusion

The concentrations of solutes between the interior and the exterior of a cell or organelle may be chemically different because the ______ is selectively permeable.

Multiple choice question.

membrane

DNA

ATP

cytoplasm

membrane

Select all of the substances that can pass freely through the membrane by simple diffusion.

Multiple select question.

small, nonpolar molecules

oxygen

lipids

ions

glucose

carbon dioxide

polar molecules

small, nonpolar molecules

oxygen

lipids

carbon dioxide

If a solute is more concentrated in one location than another, it forms:

Multiple choice question.

an enzyme-substrate complex.

a membrane.

a concentration gradient.

activation energy.

a concentration gradient.

The diffusion of water across a membrane down its own concentration gradient and toward the region with a higher solute concentration is called

Multiple choice question.

endocytosis.

osmosis.

active transport.

hydrolysis.

osmosis.

What is the process whereby an ion, an atom, or a molecule crosses a membrane without using energy?

Multiple choice question.

active transport

passive transport

exocytosis

endocytosis

passive transport

If an equal amount of water enters and exits a human red blood cell, then the cell's interior is ______ to the cell's exterior.

Multiple choice question.

isotonic

hypotonic

ionic

hypertonic

isotonic

The spontaneous movement of a substance from an area where it is more concentrated to an area where it is less concentrated is called ______.

Multiple choice question.

active transport

endocytosis

ionization

diffusion

diffusion

If more water is exiting a human red blood cell than entering it, then the cell is in a(n) ______ solution.

Multiple choice question.

isotonic

hypertonic

hypotonic

ionic

hypertonic

The movement of substances down their concentration gradient without the use of transport proteins is called ______.

Multiple choice question.

endocytosis

simple diffusion

facilitated diffusion

active transport

simple diffusion

If more water is entering a human red blood cell than exiting it, then the cell is surrounded by a(n) ______ solution.

Multiple choice question.

ionic

hypotonic

hypertonic

isotonic

hypotonic

Substances such as lipids and small nonpolar molecules move freely through the cell membrane without the need for transport proteins in a process called

Multiple choice question.

simple diffusion.

phagocytosis.

facilitated diffusion.

active transport.

simple diffusion.

______ pressure is the force of water against a plant cell wall and helps maintain the shape of plant cells.

Multiple choice question.

Turgor

Thermo

Wilt

Atmospheric

Turgor

The image shows the diffusion of water across a selectively permeable membrane, which is called ______.

Multiple choice question.

pinocytosis

hydrogen pump

active transport

osmosis

osmosis

Membrane proteins assist ions and polar molecules across membranes down their concentration gradient in

Multiple choice question.

active transport.

exocytosis.

facilitated diffusion.

simple diffusion.

facilitated diffusion.

In an isotonic solution, the solute concentration

Multiple choice question.

in one area is higher relative to that in a neighboring area.

is higher inside the cell and results in turgor pressure.

in one area is lower relative to that in a neighboring area.

is equal between two neighboring areas.

is equal between two neighboring areas.

If a solution has a higher solute concentration than a cell, then the solution is ______ compared to the cell.

Multiple choice question.

hypertonic

hypotonic

catatonic

isotonic

hypertonic

A substance is moved from an area where its concentration is low to an area where its concentration is high with the expenditure of energy in

Multiple choice question.

passive transport.

simple diffusion.

active transport.

facilitated diffusion.

active transport.

If a solution has a lower solute concentration than the interior of a cell, then the solution is ______ compared to the cell interior.

Multiple choice question.

hypertonic

isotonic

isosmotic

hypotonic

hypotonic

In a process called ______, a cell engulfs material and brings it into the cell in a vesicle pinched off the cell membrane.

Multiple choice question.

endocytosis

transpiration

osmosis

exocytosis

endocytosis

Plant cells are hypertonic compared to the surrounding soil. This helps to promote water movement into the cell, which generates

Multiple choice question.

turgor pressure.

lysis.

hydrolysis.

active transport.

turgor pressure.

During what process does a cell engulf small amounts of fluids or dissolved substances using vesicles and bring the substances into the cell?

Multiple choice question.

Exocytosis

Diffusion

Pinocytosis

Passive transport

Pinocytosis

Multiple Choice Question

What type of membrane transport is shown in the picture and requires a carrier molecule, but not ATP?

Multiple choice question.

Sodium-potassium pump

Simple diffusion

Facilitated diffusion

Active transport

Facilitated diffusion

In a membrane transport process called ______, a cell transports large molecules to the cell membrane in vesicles and releases them to the outside of the cell.

Multiple choice question.

pinocytosis

endocytosis

exocytosis

oxidation

exocytosis

If an equal amount of water enters and exits a human red blood cell, then the cell's interior is ______ to the cell's exterior.

Multiple choice question.

hypertonic

isotonic

hypotonic

ionic

isotonic

What type of movement across membranes is shown in the picture and requires a transport protein and ATP?

Multiple choice question.

active transport

simple diffusion

phagocytosis

facilitated diffusion

active transport

What process is shown in the picture, reading it from the top panel to the bottom panel?

Multiple choice question.

Exocytosis

Endocytosis

Turgor pressure

Facilitated diffusion

Endocytosis

Pinocytosis is a type of ______.

Multiple choice question.

exocytosis used by cells to release fluids from the inside of the cell to the exterior environment

endocytosis used by cells to engulf fluids and dissolved substances

exocytosis used by cells to release large particles from the inside of the cell to the exterior environment

endocytosis used by cells to bring large particles or other debris into the cell

endocytosis used by cells to engulf fluids and dissolved substances

Multiple Choice Question

What process is occurring in the picture, reading from panel 1 at the top to panel 3 at the bottom?

Multiple choice question.

Pinocytosis

Exocytosis

Phagocytosis

Receptor-mediated endocytosis

Exocytosis