HHII Theory: Late Adult Years - Older Adults: Preparing for Late Life

What is the general consensus on theories of aging?

No single theory of aging is accepted.

What are programmed theories of aging?

They suggest aging results from random cellular damage that occurs over time, leading to physical changes.

What does the activity theory propose regarding aging?

Continued activity results in successful aging.

What is the disengagement theory in the context of aging?

It posits that as individuals age, they withdraw from former roles and activities.

What does role theory suggest about aging?

Adaptability to changing roles is a positive predictor of successful aging.

What do developmental theories of aging emphasize?

Aging is a process that moves from birth to death and includes maturation through wisdom.

What do psychosocial theories of aging explain?

They explain the behaviors, roles, and relationships that come with aging.

What is the focus of physiological theories regarding aging?

They suggest that genetic physiological mechanisms control the aging process.

What were Mr. Craig's vital signs during his check-up?

Blood pressure: 130/80 mmHg, heart rate: 62 bpm, oral temperature: 36.4°C, respiratory rate: 16 breaths per minute.

What health concerns can be identified from Mr. Craig's case scenario?

His smoking habits and the need for health promotion and disease prevention strategies.

What cognitive changes are associated with older adults?

Delirium, dementia, and depression.

What symptoms suggest Mrs. Roger may be experiencing delirium?

Sudden poor memory, confusion, and denial of her husband's death.

What questions should be asked to assess Mrs. Roger's confusion?

Inquire about recent changes in health, medications, and any potential stressors.

How does delirium differ from dementia?

Delirium is a sudden change in mental status, often reversible, while dementia is a progressive decline in cognitive function.

What are some expected symptoms in the early stage of dementia?

Memory loss and language difficulties.

What are common losses experienced by older adults?

Health, significant others, sense of usefulness, socialization, income, independent living, and physical changes.

Why is screening for cognitive loss important in older adults?

To identify potential cognitive impairments early and implement appropriate interventions.

What are the late-stage symptoms of dementia?

Loss of speech, hallucinations, agitation, incontinence, and need for assistance with all care.

What is the significance of understanding the progression of dementia?

It helps caregivers and healthcare providers anticipate needs and provide appropriate support.

What role does activity play in successful aging according to the activity theory?

Engagement in activities is linked to better health outcomes and quality of life in older adults.

What factors contribute to the cognitive decline in older adults?

Health conditions, medications, and psychosocial stressors.

What is a common assessment tool used for older adults?

Cognitive screening tools to identify potential cognitive loss.

What does the term 'developmental tasks for older adults' refer to?

Tasks associated with varying degrees of change and loss as individuals age.

What percentage of those affected by Alzheimer's disease are 65 years or older?

About 69%.

How does the prevalence of Alzheimer's disease change with age?

It is higher for those aged 90 and older.

Do most people with dementia complain of memory loss?

No, most do not complain of memory loss.

What risks are cognitively impaired older persons exposed to?

Accidents, delirium, medical nonadherence, and disability.

What is the purpose of Folstein's Mini-Mental State Examination (MMSE)?

To assess cognitive function through a 30-item test.

What does a score of 30 on the MMSE indicate?

No cognitive impairment.

What score on the MMSE suggests potential cognitive impairment?

A score of 23 or less.

What is the clock-drawing test used for?

To identify the severity of cognitive impairment.

What is the Montreal Cognitive Assessment (MoCA) designed to detect?

Mild cognitive impairment.

What are geriatric syndromes?

Common clinical conditions that do not fit into specific disease categories but impact functionality and life satisfaction in older adults.

What are the implications of geriatric syndromes?

Increased mortality, disability, decreased resources, longer hospitalizations, and diminished quality of life.

What are the five most commonly considered geriatric syndromes?

Pressure ulcers, incontinence, falls, functional decline, and delirium.

What other conditions have been classified as geriatric syndromes?

Malnutrition, eating and feeding problems, sleeping problems, dizziness and syncope, and self-neglect.

How is the primary symptom of geriatric syndromes related to underlying conditions?

The primary symptom is not directly related to the specific pathological condition causing the health change.

Give an example of how an infection can lead to a geriatric syndrome.

An infection involving the urinary tract can cause delirium, leading to cognitive and behavioral changes.

What are Activities of Daily Living (ADLs)?

ADLs include bathing, dressing, transferring, toileting, grooming, feeding, and mobility.

What does the Katz Index of Independence in ADL assess?

It is a communication tool for caregivers to develop care planning about a patient's functional status.

What scores on the Katz Index indicate moderate and severe impairment?

A score of 4 indicates moderate impairment, while a score of 2 or less indicates severe impairment.

What are Instrumental Activities of Daily Living (IADLs)?

IADLs include using a telephone, preparing meals, managing finances, taking medications, doing laundry, housework, shopping, and managing transportation.

What is the Timed Up and Go test used for?

It tests functional mobility by measuring the time needed to rise from a chair, walk 3 meters, turn around, and return to a seated position.

What is the Mini Nutritional Assessment (MNA)?

The MNA is used to screen for malnutrition in older adults through visual inspection and measurements like height, weight, and BMI.

What indicates poor nutritional status in older adults?

Unintentional weight loss greater than 10 lbs may reflect poor nutrition, which can be associated with medical illness, depression, functional losses, or financial hardship.

What factors are assessed to predict pressure sore risk in older adults?

Factors include sensory perception, moisture, activity, mobility, nutrition, friction, and shear.

What common vision problems worsen with age?

Cataracts, glaucoma, macular degeneration, and presbyopia are common vision issues in older adults.

How can vision difficulties be assessed in older adults?

By asking about difficulties in everyday tasks like driving, watching TV, or reading, and using performance-based screening tools like the Snellen chart.

What are common hearing issues in older adults?

Hearing deficits often result from ear atrophy of the tympanic membrane and can lead to depression and social withdrawal.

What is the first step in assessing hearing in older adults?

Assess for cerumen impaction.

What psychological issues are prevalent among older adults?

Subclinical depression, anxiety disorders, and substance abuse, particularly alcohol, are common.

What is the most common mental disorder in aging?

Depression is the most common mental disorder and is treatable.

What are the three stages of Erikson's theory relevant to older adults?

1) Ego differentiation vs. work role preoccupation; 2) Body transcendence vs. body preoccupation; 3) Ego transcendence vs. ego preoccupation.

What psychosocial changes do older adults face?

They face retirement, social isolation, changes in sexuality, housing, environment, and the reality of mortality.

What is a significant risk factor for suicide among older men?

Experiencing a loss is a significant risk factor for suicide.

How do older adults typically view their mortality?

They come to terms with their mortality and prepare for it.

What role do older adults often adopt in family dynamics?

They often hold the role of consultant rather than major authority.

What is the impact of social isolation on older adults?

Social isolation can lead to depression and substance abuse.

What are the three most common causes of death among older adults?

Heart disease, cancer, and stroke.

What percentage of adults over 65 have at least one chronic health condition?

90%.

How much more common are chronic conditions among older adults compared to other age groups?

Chronic conditions are 4 times more common among older adults.

What are some other health concerns for older adults besides heart disease, cancer, and stroke?

Falls, suicide, smoking, alcohol abuse, nutrition, dental problems, arthritis, sensory impairments, pain, medication use, and obesity.

What percentage of adults aged 60 and older are considered obese?

39%.

What are some psychosocial health concerns for older adults?

Social isolation, cognitive impairment, and stresses due to life changes.

What are some interventions that address psychosocial health concerns in older adults?

Therapeutic communication, touch, reality orientation, validation therapy, reminiscence, and body image interventions.

What is the recommended amount of aerobic physical activity for older adults per week?

At least 150 minutes of moderate-to-vigorous intensity aerobic physical activity.

How often should older adults engage in muscle and bone strengthening activities?

At least 2 days per week.

What dietary recommendations are suggested for older adults?

Decrease salt and sugar intake, consume 1600-2200 calories/day for ages 51+, and ensure proper oral hygiene.

What are some safety concerns for older adults?

Safety regarding sexual health, environmental factors, medications, water, and sleep apnea.

What psychological supports should be available for older adults?

Support resources and bereavement assistance.

What is important for maintaining skin integrity in older adults?

Vitamins C and E, and zinc to prevent skin breakdown.

What immunizations should older adults receive?

Influenza, pneumococcal, and shingles vaccinations.

What screenings are recommended for older adults?

Screenings for breast and colorectal cancers, diabetes, osteoporosis, and cholesterol/lipid disorders.

What is restorative care for older adults?

Care that supports convalescence from acute care and addresses holistic needs.

What should interventions focus on for older adults with chronic conditions?

Promoting health, independence, and stabilizing chronic conditions.

What case scenarios were mentioned for health promotion teaching?

Mr. Craig, a 73-year-old, and Mr. Roger with his daughter Nancy.

What nursing care priorities are highlighted for Mr. Roger?

Addressing dementia, delirium, and depression.

Who is the guest speaker on March 20?

Karen Willy, discussing safety in older adults.

What topic will Vivienne McQueen cover on March 27?

Death, dying, and grief.