Chapter 2 - shaping nationalism

French revolution: (4)

• 1789

• Transformed from a monarchy to a republic—turning point for European nationalism

• Caused by historical, political, economic, geographical, and social factors

• Turning point in the history of nationalism —> for the PEOPLE

Feudalism:

The crown owned everything and portioned it to the peasants

Land ownership (manorial):

Peasants depended on the crown for land and had no rights over it

Social heirarchy:

Peasant, tenant, knight, bishops, king and church

Tithe/catholic church:

Everybody was TERRIFIED of god

Louis XVI: (8)

• Sun king

• Ruled for 72 years

• Absolutism

• Everything revolved around him/everyone was infallible

• Nobody moved social classes, no social mobility

• Built Versailles (HUGE slap in the face for peasants)

• Patron of arts

• Aggressive imperial power, leaves France in financial ruin due to building and wars

Absolutism:

Rule was a divine right and would go on to wield the most absolute power of the monarchy

Louis XV: (7)

• Great Great grandson of Louis 14

• Reign weakened the monarchy, extremely weak ruler

• Influenced by mistress

• Loved extravagance

• Huge expense of decades of warfare

• Deafeat of attempts at reform left monarchy and government weakened by the end of his reign

What made France ready for revolution? (BAD things)

BAD EDONOMY, QUALITY OF LIFE DECREASED, DISEASES, HORRIBLE RULERS, DONT LOOK POWERFUL

Machiavelli: (6)

• Italian writer

• Civil servant

• Writer of the prince

• Father of modern political science

• It’s better to be feared than loved

• Dark ages

Thomas hobbes: (5)

• Pessimistic view on humans

• Only way to prevent chaos is to have a strong government (as long as people feared it, there would be peace)

• Should give up rights for security

• Favor of dictatorship

• Dark ages

John locke: (7)

• English philosopher

• Essay Concerning Human Understanding

• Humans are good as they are created in gods image

• They’re rational beings, problem solvers

• Life liberty and prosperity

• Alienable rights of man

• Opposite of hobbies and machiavelli

Jean-jaques Rousseau: (6)

• Man is born free but everywhere he is in chains

• Criticized lack of freedom

• Idea of social contract

• Giving up rights to govern other people in exchange they will make decisions for the common good

• Idea of general will/majority rules

• Job of ruler is to administrate and express general will of the people—put rules into place that people wanted

Baron de montesquieu: (5)

• Man was naturally good but corrupted by circumstances

• Explain how governments might be preserved from corruption or dictatorship

• Separation of powers

• All those bodies were bound by the rule of law

• If branches don't have equal power, the system won’t work

Voltaire: (8)

• Thousands of plays, novels, essays, lett3rs

• Social reform (move between social classes)

• Wrote and fought for civil rights

• Freedom of speech, personal liberty, freedom of religion, rights to a fair trial

• DIEST

• Bible was outdated, but had good lessons

• Should feel free to say anything without the fear of retaliation

• Undermining structure of monarchy

3rd estate: (4)

• 98 percent of population

• 80 of this 98 percent were farmers—lives depended heavily on crop yields

• Tons of taxes

• Wanted government REFORM

3rd estate (lower urban class): (5)

• (9.5 percent of 98)

• Members of working class

• Sans culottes

• Religious

• Life dependant on the price of bread

Bourgeoise: (5)

• Wanted status and political influence

• Excluded from decision making even though they were wealthy

• Desire estate although it was LESS profitable than trade

• Outgrowing restrictive class

• Wanted status and input on political decisions (better than anybody in their class and therefore Wanted input)

2nd estate: (7)

• 1.5 percent of French pop

• Exempt from taxes

• Right to wear a sword

• Honorific duties and privileges

• Separate judicial system—only for nobility

• Crisis since the sun king—function in society was taken away by the authority of the absolute estate

1st estate: (4)

• 0.5 percent of pop

• Parallel institution to nobility

• Protestants were barely tolerated

• Loyal to the state, monopolyon education, tax exempt, tcollected tithes, gave donation to state once a year, bishops and Abbotsford appointed by state

Upper vs lower 1st estate

• Upper: wealthy, intensly political

• Lower: the “somebody” in the community, BUT poor with little power

King Louis XVI—last king of france (2)

• 15 when he married Marie Antoinette

• Makes France and Austria allies when they have be enemies for years (political marriage)

Marie antoinette: (6)

• Daughter of Austrian emperor—foreigner with mixed loyalties

• Loved fashion and hair

• Spending lavishly

• Unable to produce an heir

• 3rd estate came to resent the extravagance of the court of shich she was the greatest symbol

• Did NOT say let them eat cake

As Frances weather becomes horrible and destroys crops, which puts the economy into shambles…what does Louis do?: (2)

• Hired necked as chief economist who urges Louis to call the estates General after 175 years

• Taxes EVERYBODY.

Taxes ☹ : (3)

• Calls for meeting of estates general in 1789

• The nobility refused to pay taxes

• Louis discussed with the estates separately in fear of retaliation

Tennis court oath: (3)

• After 3rd estate representatives were locked outside, they decided to hold a meeting on a tennis court

• They WILL write their own constitution and calls themselves a group that represents the nation of france (national assembly)

• They change the system and create a constitution that set out equal rights and demanded that they were the only group that represented the nation

Bastille day: (3)

• Necked is fired, and there are rumors of the king sending in soldiers to prevent rioting

• 600 Parisienne storm the bastille, where political members of the national assembly are being held hostage

• Tear it down brick by brick—-they have the power to tear down the kings oppressive force (START OF FRENCH REVOLUTION)

Maximilen robespierre: (4)

• French lawyer and politician who become one of the most influential figures of the French revolution

• Elected a deputy of the estates General

• Extremely critical of the monarchy and a spokesperson for the third estate

• Pushing for change, well educated

Declaration of the rights of man: (5)

• Written by national assembly

• A charter that abolished distinctions, all men created equal, sovereignty belonged to people, demanded a constitutional monarchy, justice for all courts, nobody above the law

• Robespierre demands freedom of press

• Articles published demanding blood of monarchy

• Reports that Louis held an extravagant party and trampled over the French flag

What was result of the rumors of louis’ extravagant party and troops?

20000 people, mainly women led a protest on versailles

March to versailles: (5)

• Rumors of King and queen asking other monarchies for help

• People feared this because they could not battle other monarchies

• Wanted king and queen to live in Paris (marched them covered in the French flag)

• Red white and bkue: freedom, revolution

• Sang le marsailles

Flight to varennes: (4)

• King and queen fearing for their lives

• Put on disguises and tried to escape to Austria

• Return to Paris as prisoners of their own country

• Passes people off even more—no alliegance

National convention: (2)

• Elections held and national assembly changed into the national convention

• Seating became very symbolic

Storming of tulierie palace: (4)

• August 10th 1792

• In response to Austrian threats the mob attacks

• Emigres—stop the revolution and begging for countries that they’re fleeing to to intervene

• Louis is stripped of his power and France is a republic

Declaration of pillnitz: (6)

• Urges European powers to return king Louis to power

• Leads France to war

• Austria and Prussia are first countries to declare war on French revolution

• France is easily defeated

• Keep fighting/let king return to power

• The French keep fighting and men across the country march to Paris to defend the city and revolution after word got out across France (men from marsaeillaise)

What happened on January 21st, 1793?

King Louis was executed by guillotine after a trial

When did Antoinette die?

October 14 1793

Reign of terror: (8)

• Jacobins feared that France was filled with spies and took control of the national convention

• Paranoia skyrockets

• Streets chaotic

• Brits declare war on French revolution

• Many people horrified by brutal acts

• Economy collapse, bread skyrockets

• All trials were jokes, members of the third estate including women and children

• Rule of committee of public safety

Reign of terror stuffff: (5)

• Revolution leaders led a crackdown

• Constitution suspended

• Anyone who ciritsized the Rev was targeted

• 200000 people arrested

• 17000 sentenced to death—Britain said that fr was caused by too much freedom

Thermidorian reaction: (2)

• Rejecting ideas of the French rev—also the jacobins and robespierre

• Convention tries to take over and power is given back to the people

Anciene regime:

Ancient regime/kings rule—how things were before the revolution

Directory: (6)

• Power was shared by 5 directors

• Weak and indecisive, not a lot of confidence in them

• New constitution in 1799

• Bread crisis

• Complete failure :(

• Changed directory: 2 leaders, napoleon and another dude

Napoleon: (7)

• Italian (island of corsica)

• Outsider of French power structure

• Sent to military school and made fun of

• During reign of terror he was accused of being a jacobin (DID fight as a general, but was not charged-he was just following orders)

• More popular because of victories—became the PERFECT SYMBOL FOR REVOLUTION

• 1799—napoleon sizes power over the directory. Made first consul in 1799. Security of France and spreading ideas of revolution

• Sent to Egypt to disrupt British trade routes and protect French access

Rise of napoleon: (6)

• Coup detat: napoleon took over government in France, removal of government by force (most powerful general at the time sized power)

• Follows the idea of meritocracy

• 1804:crowned himself emperor

• 1799: made consult and spread ideas of revolution

• 1802: crowns himself consul for life

• Coronation is a rejection of the catholic church

5 things napoleon did/made:

• Bank of France

• Improvements on education

• Concordant with pope pius VII

• Napoleonic code

• Public works projects

Bank of france: (1)

• Came up with the idea to create this national/central bank that would be responsible for collecting taxes and controlling french currency, keeping the economy stable

Improvements to education (lycees): (3)

• High schools: everybody got educated, nationalism, patriotism, how to care for your country

• Bureaucrats and military officers were educated

• Breate use to the state

Concordat with pope pics VII: (2)

• Very important that he made peace with the church

• Catholicism was the religion of the majority, but there was still allowance for religious dissent

Napoleonic code: (10)

• Civil law—equal rights for all MEN

• Basis for civil law..based on thoughts and justice on what was right for the people vs the monarchy

• No more estates

• Individual freedom..private property

• Freedom of religion

• Slavery reintroduced

• Step back for women and minorities

• SET BASIS FOR THE TIME

• One of the first real enactment of freedom

1805—battle of austerlitz (4)

• Defeats Austria and Prussia

• 1812-had complete control over Europe

• Ideas of revolution are spread because of conquests

• Not able to aquire britain

Continental system: (6)

• Water blockade around Britain.. tying trade and relations off (isolates)…was only written on paper

• Russia breaks this and napoleon declares war on Russia

• Goal: capture Moscow

• Successful at first, but Russia enacts scorched earth policy

• Sept 14: he enters Moscow but its a burning city

• Army is decimated because of harsh conditions, lack of food and materials (living off land) and killing (500000→ 25000

After Britain and Russia counterattack, what do the people of France do?

They turn on napoleon because they’re tired of war…he’s lost the confidence of the french

After french turn on napoleon: (3)

• Napoleon is captured and exiled to the island of Elba

• They put king Louis XVIII BACK INTO POWER

• Many immigrants come back

Napoleon decline: (3)

• 1815: escapes and returns to France as a hero. He conjured and army and attempted to take back France

• Hundred days war: war of 7th coalition

• June 8 1815: defeated at waterloo by victorious powers and is imprisoned at st Helena in the southern Atlantic. He dies in 1822 of stomach cancer and in 1840 his remains are sent back to France