UCM Genetics Final

which two items are needed fro deductive reasoning

facts and logical reasoning

if I hear a statement from three different sources, I know it is a fact

opinion

"Don't get the new Samsung cell phone because 5G spreads coronavirus. Everywhere there is 5G you find coronavirus."

correlation is causation

What is the ratio of dominant to recessive offspring if the parents are two heterozygotes?

3:1 or 3/4 and 1/4

Cats have blood types A and B, no O or AB. Blood type A results from an IA allele that is dominant over the IB allele, which produces blood type B. These alleles are on an autosome. What is the likely genotype of the type A parent in a cross with a type B cat if they produce 4 kittens with type A and 1 kitten with type B?

I^AI^B

Alleles of an individual both show its phenotype. Blood type AB is an example

codominance

Which of the following is a difference between prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells?

Prokaryotes lack a nucleus while eukaryotes one.

An offspring with the dominant trait must have

at least one dominant parent.

In a pedigree tree, how does one indicate that an individual is affected (with a disease or with a trait)?

Draw a solid (filled-in) circle or a solid square

What happens to Neurospora when it is irradiated with X-rays?

Genes are mutated and they lose a critical phenotype.

Which of the following is unlikely to be heterochromatin?

A locus where a gene is being transcribed

Which protein does FLD code for?

HDAC

Igf2 gene expression is different between mother's versus father's chromosome. Which parent's chromosome allows CTCF to bind to an insulator?

mother’s

What chemical process forms the basis of epigenetic changes?

methylation of DNA

Which of the following F2 phenotypic ratios does NOT indicate an epistatic gene?

9:3:3:1

Color in an alpine flower can be a deep purple, lavender (a light purple) or white. A cross between two plants that produce lavender flowers would yield which ratio of purple, lavender or white progeny?

1:2:1 purple:lavender:white

Which type of RNA is part of the ribosome along with ribosomal proteins?

rRNA

Which eukaryotic RNA polymerase synthesizes pre-mRNA?

II

Which of the following is not part of the transcription unit?

RNA polymerase

When Morgan mated two F1 flies from the cross of a red-eyed female and a white-eyed male fly, what were the phenotype(s) of the F2 male offspring?

Half of the F2 flies had red eyes and the other half had white eyes.

In the pGLO plasmid, which gene is constitutive?

bla

which cellular macromolecule carries out resistance to antibiotics

protein

In the replica plate set, which plasmid would be in the E. coli colony if the replica streak only grew on kanamycin?

pKAN

“all mainstream news is fake news. I know because I’m president”

appeal to authority

“well I listened to your arguments that vaccine will help cure covid. it is only fair that you listen to me about hydroxychloroquine as an effective way to stop covid.

facts and opinion carry the same weight

the phenotype of an offspring is sole determined by the genotype of the mother and not the genotype of the individual offspring

genetic material effect

during prophase I _______ results in the mixing of genes because non sister chromatids exchange DNA

crossing over

for a recessive X-linked trait, which groups are carriers (carriers are individuals who carry disease-causing allele, but not show the disease or trait

heterozygous female

the expression of which gene direly prevents X-chromosome inactivation

Tsix

which of following is true about genomic imprinting

the sex of the parent that transmits an allele affects the expression of the allele in the offspring

the number of different phenotypes possible from the cross of heterozygous diploids with quantitative allele from two genes is

5

which enzyme complex cuts mRNA in two pieces where siRNA binds

slicer

E. coli cells transformed with pGLO will show glowing colonies under which condition

arabinose and ampicillin in the LB-agar plate and UV light excitation

what results should be seen when E coil cells from the negative control tube (no pGLO DNa) are plated on LB with ampicillin

no growth

which of the following is NOT necessarily a virtue of a good laboratory scientist?

Swallow your gum before you get caught chewing it in the laboratory.

How does the bla gene prevent ampicillin from "killilng" bacteria?

It codes for beta-lactamase, which destroys ampicillin.

Which of the following chemicals will cause DNA to precipitate when added to an aqueous solution containing DNA?

isopropanol

Which gene in the pGLO plasmid must be transcribed and translated in order to see colony growth of transformed E. coli plated on LB with ampicillin?

bla gene

When operating the 2-20 µL micropipettor, when are you allowed to press to the second stop so that you are assured to deliver the correct volume of liquid to your clean tube?

After you have dispensed the liquid and you are brushing the tip up the inside of the tube.

After HindIII and EcoRI digestion of pAMP and pKAN plasmids, which size fragment contains the kan ^r or kanamycin resistance gene?

1896 bp

After HindIII and BamHI digestion of the recombinant plasmid DNA, which size fragment contains the origin gene?

2656 bp

pAMP

plasmid DNA

ampicillin or amp

antibiotic chemical

amp^R

gene

pKAN

plasmid DNA

kan

antibiotic chemical

kanR

gene

A gene has zero penetrance in one gender. An example of this is cock feathering (type of tail feathers) in chickens.

sex-limited

The phenotype of an offspring is sole determined by the genotype of the mother and not the genotype of the individual offspring.

genetic maternal effect

An allele for a gene is dominant in one gender, but recessive in the other gender. An example of this is beardedness in goats.

sex-influenced

Who proposed the one gene, one enzyme hypothesis?

Beadle and Tatum

On which type of growth medium will a Vitamin B12 auxotroph of Neurospora cells grow?

minimal medium supplemented with Vitamin B12

Which of the following is not true about centromeres?

They are found at the tips of a chromosome

Why is FLC expressed in the plant?

to prevent flowering during vernalization, a required period of cold

Coat color in cats is determined by genes at several different loci. At one locus on the X chromosome, one allele (X⁺) encodes black fur; another allele (X^O) encodes orange fur. Female cats can be homozygous black, homozygous orange or heterozygous orange and black. The patchy orange and black coat is called tortoiseshell. Bill, a human, has a female tortoiseshell cat named Patches. One night, Patches escapes and mates with a stray male. Patches later gives birth to the following: one black male, one tortoiseshell female and one orange female. 

What is the phenotype of the stray male who is the dad cat?

orange

Tatuo Aida investigated the genetic basis of color variation in the medaka (Aplocheilus latipes), a small fish found in Japan (T. Aida. 1921. Genetics 6:554-573). Aida’s fish came in one of four colors, brown, red, blue and white. He discovered that two genes control the color of the fish when he mated F1 from a cross of homozygous brown and white fish. When the brown F1 were interbred, he got brown:red:blue:white fish in a 9:3:3:1 ratio. He then backcrossed the F1 with the homozygous white parent and obtained 228 brown fish, 230 blue fish, 236 red fish, and 222 white fish. He used B and R to represent the two genes.

Propose the genotypes of the backcross progeny and use a chi-square test to compare the observed number of the backcross progeny with the number expected. What is the expected value of the red fish?

229

Mendel's experiments examined characteristics with two different phenotypes. Individuals in his monohybrid cross had single word traits (round, wrinkled, green, etc.). When he did a dihybrid cross, each of the two genes had different single word traits (round, yellow or round, green). Some traits are determined by the genotype of two genes, yet the phenotype are described with sngle words (red, green, yellow, etc bell pepper). How can one tell the difference between two genes interacting to determine a novel phenotype from one gene with multiple alleles?

When two heterozygotes are mated, the offspring end up in a 9:3:3:1 ratio of four different phenotypes.

Which RNA binds both mRNA and amino acids?

tRNA

How many different bacterial RNA polymerases exist in a typical prokaryote?

one

Bacterial RNA polymerase is a multimeric enzyme.

True

What is the product of Dicer?

small double-stranded RNA

Which phenotype is the bla gene responsible for in E. coli transformed with pGLO?

ampicillin resistance

Competent cells were made for you, but if you had to make them yourself, which stage of growth in liquid LB culture would you harvest E. coli?

log or exponential stage

Which cellular macromolecule carries out resistance to antibiotics?

protein

When E. coli transformed with ligated DNA plasmids were plated on LB + kanamycin, there were more colonies formed than when they were plated on LB + kanamycin + ampicillin. What is the most informative reason for this observation?

E. coli with either pKAN or recombinant plasmid would survive kanamycin.

When E. coli transformed with pAMP is plated on LB+ampicillin/agar and incubated at 37^oC, what do you expect to see the next day?

colony

In the replica plate set, which plasmid would be in the E. coli colony if the replica streak grew on kanamycin and ampicillin?

desired recombinant plasmid

What is the temperature and duration of the incubation for the ligation reaction?

room temperatre for 10 minutes.

When performing a transformation of E. coli with ligated plasmid DNA, several steps could go wrong. Which of the following plates will indicate a problem with the transformation step? [In your results, the ligated DNA plate has no growth so you know something went wrong. Now you want to figure out what went wrong.]

E. coli transformed with pAMP does not grow on LB+ampicillin/agar plates.

What is the function of the araC protein?

activates transcription of the ara operon

Who discovered penicillin, the first known antibiotic?

Fleming

Which term describes DNA package with proteins?

chromatin

The following pathway produces a compound Z that is needed for the organism to grow. Mutants 4, 5 and 6 are unable to make corresponding enzymes in the pathway. Which mutant would cause Compound X to accumulate?

5

Which of the following is unlikely to be heterochromatin?

A locus where a gene is being transcribed

Which of the following is not what happens to DNA as it is heated? Assume that the DNA is in solution.

degrade into monomers

The ends of linear chromosomes are called ___.

telomeres

What effect does FLD protein have on FLC expression?

FLD protein causes the FLC locus to become heterochromatin.

Which condition is expected to be an epigenetic effect on Igf2 expression due to IVF (in vitro fertilization)?

Beckwith-Wiedermann syndrome

Which lncRNA inactivates entire, extra X chromosomes in mammals?

Xist RNA

When the combination of genotypes and environmental influences determine the trait, the characteristics are called ___.

multifactorial

The number of different phenotypes possible from the cross of heterozygous diploids with quantitative alleles from two genes is

5

Which type of RNA carries out RNAi?

miRNA

What is the substrate for dicer?

double-stranded RNA

miRNA functions to prevent the translation of mRNA it is complementary to, but miRNA can also bind to another type of RNA that modulates the effect of miRNA on inhibiting translation. Which type of RNA reduces the impact of miRNA on gene expression?

lncRNA

The ___, a structure with proteins and RNA, removes introns from nuclear pre-mRNA.

spliceosome

Because the eye color gene is on the X chromosome, a white-eyed male fly would have which genotype?

hemizygous

In the replica plate set, which plasmid would be in the E. coli colony if the replica streak only grew on ampicillin?

pAMP

Which of the following describes a plasmid?

	has a few genes needed to survive special circumstances
	circular DNA
	DNA from bacteria

The addition of which chemical will protect DNA from nucleases?

EDTA