Cardiovascular System Notes

The heart is two ___________

pumps

• There are 2 __________ of the cardiovascular system

circulatory sections

• _____________- heart pumps blood to lungs

Pulmonary

• _____________- heart pumps blood to body

Systemic

• Size: About the size of your __________ (9×14cm)

fist

Heart Coverings: __________- a double- walled sac around the heart composed of 2 layers

Pericardium

• A superficial __________

fibrous pericardium

• A deep two-layer _________

serous pericardium

• Serous Pericardium: The _________ lines that internal surface of the fibrous pericardium

parietal layer

The _________ (epicardium) lines the surface of the heart

parietal layer

Heart Covering: Fluid between these layer ________

protects heart, reduces friction

Pericardium protects and _____ the heart. Prevents _____

anchors; overfilling

Heart Wall: Epicardium - _________________

Outer layer - reduces friction

Heart Wall: Myocardium ________________

Cardiac Muscle

Heart Wall: Endocardium - __________________

thin inner lining within the heart chambers

Valves: _____ Atrioventricular (AV) Valves

2

• _________- between RA and RV

Triscupid

• _________- (mitral) b/w LA and LV

Bicuspid

Valves: ______ Semilunar (SL Valves (cusps)

2

• ________ - between RV and Pulmonary Artery

Pulmonary valve

• ______- between LV and Aorta

Aortic valve

AV Valves connected to the walls of the ventricles by ____________. Helps them open and shut with each contraction.

Chordae Tendinae

Heart Sounds: ___________ of heart valves give the characteristic "_______" sounds.  

Opening and closing; Lub Dub

Stethoscope-

instrument used to listen to heart sounds

AV Valves Close -

Lub

SL Valves Close -

Dub

Cardiac Conduction System: ____________________________________________________________________

Group of specialized cardiac muscle cells that cause the heart to contract.

Cardiac Conduction System: SA (sinoatrial) node: _______________________

anatomical pacemaker

Cardiac Conduction System: SA (sinoatrial) node: starts the sequence by causing the _______________________ to contract

atrial muscles

Cardiac Conduction System: Bundle of His: Bundle of cardiac muscle fibers that _______________________________

conducts the electrical impulses that regulate the heartbeat

Cardiac Conduction System: Bundle of His: Also called __________________________

atrioventricular bundle

Cardiac Conduction System: Purkinje fibers: carry the contraction impulse from both the left and right bundle branch to the _______________________

myocardium of the ventricles

Cardiac Cycle- One complete _____________

heartbeat

• Systole- ____________________the relaxation of a chamber

the contraction of a heart chamber

•  pumps blood from the chambers into the arteries.

• Diastole- ____________________

the relaxation of a chamber

• relaxes and allows the chambers to fill with blood

Cardiac Cycle is regulated by ______________

medulla oblongata

Parasympathetic - ____________

slow heart rate

Sympathetic - _____________

increase heart rate because of increased oxygen demand

Cardiac Output = ______________

Stroke Volume x Heart Rate

• the amount of ______ pumped by each ______ in one ______.  Normally 4 to 8 L/min.

blood; ventricle; minute

• Heart Rate =

number of beats per minute

• Stroke Volume =

the amount of blood pumped by the left ventricle with each heart beat

Cardiac Output Example: A patient has a heart rate of 75 beats/min. Her stroke volume is 70 ml/beat. What is her cardiac output?

CO = (75 beats/min) x (70 ml/beat)

CO = 5250 ml/min or 5.25 L/min

Blood Pressure (BP): Force per unit area exerted on the wall of a blood vessel by its contained blood 

• Express in _________________

millimeters of mercury (mm Hg)

Blood Pressure (BP): Recorded as Systolic Pressure/Diastolic pressure:

• Average: 120/80-140/90  mm Hg

• Too low: hypotension

• Too high: hypertension

Maintaining Blood Pressure: The main factors influencing blood pressure are:

• Cardiac output (CO)

• Peripheral resistance (PR)

• Blood volume

Maintaining Blood Pressure: Blood pressure =

CO x PR

Maintaining Blood Pressure: Blood pressure varies directly ________________

with CO, PR, and blood volume

Blood flows in the same direction as the decreasing pressure gradient: __________________

arteries to capillaries to veins.

Diastole

Systole