Quiz 3 Skull

Which of the following bones makes up an aspect of the floor of the cranium?

a.Temporal

b.Occipital

c.Frontal

d.Parietal

a.Temporal

How many bones make up the facial bone region?

a.6

b.8

c.12

d.14

d.14

Which bony landmark represents the highest level of the facial bone mass?

a.Nasion

b.Acanthion

c.Orbital plates

d.Supraorbital notch

c.Orbital plates

The widest portion of the cranium is found at the level of the:

a.parietal tubercles.

b.right and left pterion.

c.squamous portion of the temporal bone.

d.external acoustic meatus (EAM).

a.parietal tubercles.

What is the name of the joint found between the lateral condylar processes of the skull and the atlas of C1?

a.Zygapophyseal joint

b.Intervertebral joint

c.Atlanto-occipital joint

d.Cervico-occipital joint

c.Atlanto-occipital joint

Which cranial bone articulates with the other seven cranial bones?

a.Parietal

b.Ethmoid

c.Sphenoid

d.None of the options

c.Sphenoid

The slight depression above each eyebrow is termed the:

a.glabella.

b.supraorbital foramina.

c.supraorbital groove.

d.frontal tuberosity.

c.supraorbital groove.

Which of the following cranial bones does not articulate with the parietal bone?

a.Frontal

b.Sphenoid

c.Occipital

d.All of the options

d.All of the options

The left mastoid fontanel becomes the ____ in an adult.

a.left asterion

b.left pterion

c.left bregma

d.squamosal suture

a.left asterion

There are a total of ____ fontanels in an infant.

a.four

b.two

c.six

d.eight

c.six

The frontal bone articulates with ____ cranial bones.

a.four

b.six

c.two

d.five

a.four

Which of the following landmarks corresponds with the level of the petrous ridge?

a.EAM

b.Top of ear attachment (TEA)

c.Squamosal suture

d.Inion

b.Top of ear attachment (TEA)

The pituitary gland (hypophysis cerebri) is associated with and protected by the ____ bone.

a.temporal

b.ethmoid

c.palatine

d.sphenoid

d.sphenoid

Which cranial bone contains the foramen ovale?

a.Sphenoid

b.Occipital

c.Ethmoid

d.Temporal

a.Sphenoid

Which cranial bone contains the cribriform plate?

a.Sphenoid

b.Occipital

c.Temporal

d.Ethmoid

d.Ethmoid

Which of the following sutures separates the parietal from the occipital bone?

a.Squamosal

b.Sagittal

c.Coronal

d.Lambdoidal

d.Lambdoidal

Which of the following terms describes the anterior fontanel found in the adult skull?

a.Bregma

b.Pterion

c.Asterion

d.Lambda

a.Bregma

Which of the following terms describes the small irregular bones occasionally found in the sutures?

a.Asterion

b.Wormian

c.Sesamoid

d.Squamosal

b.Wormian

The ethmoid notch is part of which cranial bone?

a.Temporal

b.Ethmoid

c.Sphenoid

d.Frontal

d.Frontal

An average-shaped skull with a 47-degree angle between the petrous pyramids and the midsagittal plane is classified as:

a.mesocephalic.

b.brachycephalic.

c.dolichocephalic.

d.morphocephalic.

a.mesocephalic

Which term describes the small flap of cartilage covering the opening to the ear?

a.Tragus

b.Pinna

c.Acanthion

d.EAM

a.Tragus

What is the difference, in degrees, between the infraorbitomeatal and orbitomeatal lines?

a.10 degrees

b.15 to 22 degrees

c.7 to 8 degrees

d.20 to 25 degrees

c.7 to 8 degrees

Which one of the following technical considerations is most critical for demonstrating air and/or fluid levels within the cranium?

a.Low kVp range

b.Detail image receptor (IR)

c.Short exposure time

d.Erect or horizontal x-ray beam positioning

d.Erect or horizontal x-ray beam positioning

A radiograph of a posteroanterior (PA) axial projection (Caldwell method) of the cranium reveals that the petrous ridges are located at the level of the lower one-third of the orbits. The technologist performed this projection with the CR angled 15-degree caudad to the orbitomeatal line (OML). How must positioning be altered if a repeat exposure is performed?

a.Increase the extension of the skull.

b.Increase the flexion of the skull.

c.Increase the CR angulation.

d.None of the options; positioning was correct.

d.None of the options; positioning was correct.

A radiograph of a lateral projection of the cranium reveals that the orbital roofs (plates) are not superimposed—one is slightly superior to the other. Which of the following positioning errors led to this radiographic outcome?

a.Rotation

b.Tilt

c.Excessive flexion

d.Excessive extension

b.Tilt

A radiograph of a lateral cranium reveals that the mentum of the mandible was cut off from the bottom of the radiograph. A 10 ´ 12-inch (24 ´ 30-cm) IR was used, and it was placed landscape. What must be altered if a repeat exposure is performed?

a.Center the CR at the EAM.

b.Increase SID to reduce magnification.

c.Place the 10 ´ 12-inch (24 ´ 30-cm) IR portrait.

d.None of the options; all of the critical structures were demonstrated.

d.None of the options; all of the critical structures were demonstrated.

A patient comes to radiology for a routine study of the cranium. He is unable to flex his head and neck sufficiently to place the OML perpendicular to the IR for the AP axial projection. What should the technologist do to compensate for this problem without creating excessive magnification of the occipital bone?

a.Place the IOML parallel to IR and increase the CR angulation by 7 degrees.

b.Perform the Haas method.

c.Perform a submentovertex projection in place of the AP axial projection.

d.Use the AML and increase the CR angulation by 10 degrees.

a.Place the IOML parallel to IR and increase the CR angulation by 7 degrees.

A PA axial projection with a 25-degree caudad angle of the cranium reveals that the petrous ridges are at the level of the superior orbital margins. Which of the following modifications is required to correct this error?

a.Decrease CR angle.

b.Increase extension of cranium.

c.Increase flexion of cranium.

d.No corrections are required; this is an acceptable position.

b.Increase extension of cranium.

Which positioning line should be perpendicular to the plane of the IR for the AP axial (Towne) projection with a 37-degree caudad CR angle?

a.OML

b.IOML

c.AML

d.LML

b.IOML

Which division of the temporal bone contains the organs of hearing and equilibrium?

a.Petrous

b.Mastoid

c.Squamous

d.Antrum

a.Petrous

Which one of the following structures is part of the middle ear?

a.Tragus

b.Cochlea

c.Ossicles

d.Vestibule

c.Ossicles

To which aspect of the ear does the eustachian tube attach?

a.External ear

b.Middle ear

c.Inner ear

d.Cochlea

b.Middle ear

Which of the following structures of the inner ear is responsible for hearing?

a.Vestibule

b.Semicircular canals

c.Cochlea

d.Round window

c.Cochlea

Where is the CR centered for a lateral projection of the cranium?

a.EAM

b.3/4-inch (2-cm) anterior and 3/4-inch (2-cm) superior from EAM

c.2-inch (5-cm) superior to EAM

d.Midway between EAM and nasion

c.2-inch (5-cm) superior to EAM

Which cranial bone possesses the sella turcica?

a.Temporal

b.Sphenoid

c.Ethmoid

d.Occipital

b.Sphenoid

Which cranial bone possesses the superior nasal conchae?

a.Ethmoid

b.Sphenoid

c.Frontal

d.Temporal

a.Ethmoid

Which cranial bone possesses the zygomatic process?

a.Frontal

b.Sphenoid

c.Temporal

d.Ethmoid

c.Temporal

A patient comes in with a clinical history of a possible pituitary adenoma. Because this is a rural hospital, CT and MRI are not available. Which radiographic projection or position of the cranium would best demonstrate signs of bony erosion of the sella turcica because of the tumor?

a.SMV

b.PA axial (Caldwell method)

c.Lateral position

d.Both SMV and lateral position

c.Lateral position

What is the largest immovable bone of the face?

a.Vomer

b.Mandible

c.Maxilla

d.Zygomatic

c.Maxilla

Which facial bone forms the majority of the hard palate?

a.Mandible

b.Palatine

c.Maxilla

d.Zygomatic

c.Maxilla

Which three cranial bones articulate directly with the zygomatic bone?

a.Frontal, ethmoid, temporal

b.Frontal, sphenoid, temporal

c.Sphenoid, frontal, occipital

d.Ethmoid, parietal, frontal

b.Frontal, sphenoid, temporal

Which of the following terms describes the junction of the two nasal bones?

a.Nasion

b.Acanthion

c.Glabella

d.Supraorbital groove

a.Nasion

Which of the following structures is described as scroll-like projections found in the nasal cavity?

a.Perpendicular plate

b.Pterygoid processes

c.Septal cartilage

d.Conchae

d.Conchae

Which two bones form the bony nasal septum?

a.Superior and inferior nasal conchae

b.Ethmoid and vomer

c.Vomer and maxilla

d.Sphenoid and ethmoid

b.Ethmoid and vomer

The upper and lower teeth are embedded in the:

a.symphysis menti.

b.condyloid processes.

c.palatine processes.

d.alveolar processes.

d.alveolar processes.

The point of union between both halves of the mandible is termed:

a.gonion.

b.ramus.

c.symphysis menti.

d.mental foramina.

c.symphysis menti.

The posterior aspect of the orbit is termed the:

a.apex.

b.base.

c.sphenoid strut.

d.crown.

a.apex.

How many facial bones help make up the bony orbit?

a.Three

b.Four

c.Five

d.Seven

b.Four

What is the only paranasal sinus not contained within a cranial bone?

a.Maxillary

b.Sphenoid

c.Ethmoid

d.Frontal

a.Maxillary

Which bone is involved with a tripod fracture?

a.Maxilla

b.Ethmoid

c.Temporal

d.Zygomatic

d.Zygomatic

Where is the CR centered for a lateral projection of the facial bones?

a.Outer canthus

b.Acanthion

c.Midway between the glabella and the EAM

d.Zygoma, midway between the EAM and the outer canthus

d.Zygoma, midway between the EAM and the outer canthus

What is the angle between the OML and the plane of the IR for the parietoacanthial (Waters) projection?

a.40 degrees

b.37 degrees

c.42 degrees

d.15 to 20 degrees

b.37 degrees

Where does the CR exit for a modified parietoacanthial (modified Waters) projection of the facial bones?

a.Nasion

b.Glabella

c.Acanthion

d.Midorbits

c.Acanthion

Which of the following technical factors do NOT apply to lateral nasal bone projections?

a.The technologist should not use automatic exposure control (AEC).

b.The technologist should use a small focal spot.

c.The technologist should use medium kVp.

d.All of the options.

d.All of the options.

Which positioning line is placed perpendicular to the plane of the IR with a true lateral nasal bone projection?

a.OML

b.AML

c.Interpupillary

d.Midsagittal

c.Interpupillary

How much skull tilt and rotation are required for the oblique inferosuperior (tangential) projection for zygomatic arches?

a.10 degrees

b.15 degrees

c.25 degrees

d.None of the options

b.15 degrees

What can the technologist do if the patient cannot extend the head and neck adequately for the routine submentovertical projection of the zygomatic arches?

a.Perform the Haas method.

b.Use a short SID to magnify the arches.

c.Angle the CR to place it perpendicular to the IOML.

d.Rotate the skull 15 degrees away from the affected side.

c.Angle the CR to place it perpendicular to the IOML.

How much difference is there between the OML and IOML positioning lines?

a.7 to 8 degrees

b.8 to 9 degrees

c.10 to 11 degrees

d.5 to 6 degrees

a.7 to 8 degrees

Which projection best demonstrates the floor of the orbits with minimal distortion?

a.Parietoacanthial (Waters)

b.Modified parietoacanthial (modified Waters)

c.PA axial (Caldwell)

d.Lateral facial bones

b.Modified parietoacanthial (modified Waters)

What is the angle between the midsagittal plane and the plane of the IR for a parieto-orbital oblique (Rhese method) projection of the optic foramen?

a.45 degrees

b.12 degrees

c.30 degrees

d.53 degrees

d.53 degrees

Where should the optic foramen be located with a well-positioned parieto-orbital oblique (Rhese method) projection of the optic foramina?

a.Inner, lower quadrant of orbit

b.Center of orbit

c.Lower, outer quadrant of orbit

d.Inner, upper quadrant of orbit

c.Lower, outer quadrant of orbit

Along with the use of erect positions, what other technical factor is important to demonstrate air/fluid levels in paranasal sinuses?

a.Use of high kVp

b.Horizontal CR

c.Use of IR without a grid

d.Large focal spot

b.Horizontal CR

Where is the CR centered for a lateral projection of the sinuses?

a.Upside EAM (side away from image receptor)

b.At the level of the nasion

c.Midway between the acanthion and the EAM

d.Midway between the outer canthus and the EAM

d.Midway between the outer canthus and the EAM

Which sinuses are best demonstrated with the PA axial projection?

a.Maxillary and sphenoid

b.Frontal and ethmoid

c.Sphenoid and ethmoid

d.Frontal and maxillary

b.Frontal and ethmoid

A radiograph of a lateral projection of the facial bones reveals that the mandibular rami are not superimposed. What specific positioning error is present on this radiograph?

a.Tilt

b.Excessive flexion

c.Excessive extension

d.Rotation

d.Rotation

The recommended digital systems kVp range for the superoinferior tangential (axial) projection of the nasal bones is:

a.40 to 50.

b.50 to 60.

c.70 to 80.

d.75 to 85.

c.70 to 80.

A radiograph of a parietoacanthial (Waters method) projection reveals that the petrous ridges are superimposed over the lower 30% of the maxillary sinuses. What specific positioning error (if any) led to this radiographic finding?

a.Insufficient extension of skull and neck

b.Excessive extension of skull and neck

c.Excessive CR angulation

d.No error exists; accept the initial radiograph

a.Insufficient extension of skull and neck

A radiograph of a PA Caldwell (15-degree caudad) projection for cranium reveals that the petrous ridges are projected into the lower one-third of the orbits. Which of the following modifications should be made during the repeat exposure to produce a more diagnostic image?

a.Increase the extension of the head and neck.

b.Decrease the extension of the head and neck.

c.Nothing; accept the initial radiograph.

d.Angle the CR 10-degree caudad.

c.Nothing; accept the initial radiograph.

A patient comes to radiology for a sinus series on a cart (gurney). She is unable to stand or sit erect for any of the projections. Which of the following projections will best detect any air/fluid levels present in the maxillary sinuses?

a.PA

b.Parietoacanthial

c.Parietoacanthial transoral

d.Horizontal beam lateral

d.Horizontal beam lateral

A pediatric patient enters radiology for a paranasal sinus series. Because of her age, the child is unable to hold still for the projections even with the use of immobilization devices. The decision is to hold the child during each exposure. Which of the following individuals should be asked to hold the child?

a.Technologist

b.Erring physician

c.Guardian

d.Student

c.Guardian

Lesions of decreased density are termed osteoblastic lesions.

False

Both CT (computed tomography) and MRI (magnetic resonance imaging) can provide reconstructed images in three planes: axial, sagittal, and coronal.

True

The PA axial projection (Haas method) for the cranium requires a CR angle of 25-degree caudad.

False

The submentovertical projection requires that the infraorbital meatal line (IOML) is placed parallel to the image receptor.

true

The osseous labyrinth includes the cochlea, the vestibule, and the semicircular canals.

True

The sensory apparatus of both equilibrium and hearing are contained in the internal ear.

True

The lateral projection of the facial bones is typically a unilateral projection.

True

For a lateral facial bone projection, the chin should be adjusted so the IOML is perpendicular to the front edge of the IR.

True

The lateral projection for the nasal bones is generally a unilateral projection. (Both right and left lateral projections are usually not required.)

False

The proper name for the parieto-orbital oblique projection is the Schuller method.

False