David Adams Western Civ Test 4 (Final)

What were the June Days?

A worker rebellion against the government.

Who was Louis Napoleon Bonaparte?

He was elected President of France. He had committed treason 2x.

What was the Frankfurt Parliament?

It was designed to draw up a constitution for a unified Germany.

Were they [Frankfurt Parliament] successful?

No. They didn't have an army, and Prussia and Austria had issues with the constitution.

How were the revolutions of 1848 resolved in Austria?

The military suppressed the revolts.

How were the revolutions of 1848 resolved in the Italian Lands, especially the Papal states?

It had 2 big powerhouses, and was just a mess. There was no common language

What was France's Second Republic, and what was it like?

Started out with rights for all male, and soon began taking rights away from workers.

What was France's Second Empire, and what was it like?

Focused on wealthy middle class (bourgeoisie). Napoleon III ran it.

Risorgimento

The 19th-century movement aimed at unifying the various states of the Italian peninsula into a single nation-state, culminating in the establishment of the Kingdom of Italy in 1861.

Victor Emmanuel II

The King of Sardinia-Piedmont who became the first King of a unified Italy.

Count Camillo di Cavour

The Prime Minister of Victor Emmanuel II, a skilled diplomat and statesman who played a pivotal role in orchestrating the unification through strategic alliances and modernization efforts.

Piedmont-Sardinia

A good candidate to lead Italian unification due to its constitutional monarchy, relatively liberal government, and modernized economy and military.

Allies of Piedmont-Sardinia

Piedmont-Sardinia allied with France, particularly Napoleon III, to challenge Austrian dominance in northern Italy.

Second Italian War of Independence

The conflict in which Piedmont-Sardinia fought against Austria, leading to the acquisition of Lombardy.

Giuseppe Garibaldi

A nationalist and military leader who led the Expedition of the Thousand in 1860, conquering the Kingdom of the Two Sicilies and handing it over to Victor Emmanuel II.

Kingdom of the Two Sicilies

A kingdom in southern Italy that was conquered by Giuseppe Garibaldi during the unification process.

French troops in Rome

Garibaldi was prevented from taking Rome due to the presence of French troops protecting the Papal States, to avoid conflict with France.

Prussia

A state poised to play the leading role in German unification due to its strong economy, powerful military, and monarchy that supported unification under Prussian dominance.

William I

The King of Prussia who became king in 1861 and aimed to strengthen the army.

Otto von Bismarck

Appointed as Chancellor by William I, he practiced Realpolitik, a pragmatic approach to politics focused on practical objectives rather than ideological principles.

Realpolitik

A pragmatic approach to politics focused on practical objectives rather than ideological principles.

Second Schleswig War

The 1864 conflict in which Prussia and Austria defeated Denmark, gaining control over Schleswig and Holstein.

Austro-Prussian War

The 1866 war in which Prussia defeated Austria, leading to Austria's exclusion from German affairs and the formation of the North German Confederation.

Franco-Prussian War

The 1870-1871 war in which Prussia defeated France, leading to the unification of Germany under Prussian leadership.

Schleswig and Holstein

Territories gained by Prussia and Austria after the Second Schleswig War.

Ems Dispatch

A telegram edited by Bismarck to provoke French anger, leading to France declaring war

Battle of Sedan

A significant battle during the Franco-Prussian War, contributing to the defeat of France.

Spanish throne issue

The candidacy of a Prussian prince for the Spanish throne alarmed France, contributing to the outbreak of war.

Siege of Paris

The siege of Paris (1870-1871) was marked by severe hardship and starvation.

Emperor William I of Germany

William I was proclaimed German Emperor at the Palace of Versailles in January 1871.

Adolphe Thiers

Adolphe Thiers was the head of the French government after the fall of Napoleon III.

Paris Commune

The Paris Commune was a radical socialist government that briefly ruled Paris in 1871.

Montmartre

Montmartre was a stronghold of the Commune; after its suppression, the Basilica of the Sacred Heart was built there as a symbol of penance and reconciliation.

Alsace and Lorraine

Alsace and Lorraine are regions on the border between France and Germany, annexed by Germany after the Franco-Prussian War, fueling French resentment and contributing to tensions leading up to World War I.

Nationalism

A political ideology centered on the interests and culture of a nation, often leading to the desire for self-governance.

Jingoism

Extreme patriotism, especially in the form of aggressive or warlike foreign policy.

Origins of World War I

Factors include nationalism, militarism, imperial rivalries, alliance systems, and the assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand.

Dual Alliance

The powers that formed the Dual Alliance were Germany and Austria-Hungary.

Triple Entente

The powers that formed the Triple Entente were France, Russia, and Great Britain.

Kaiser Wilhelm II

The German Emperor whose aggressive policies and militarisation contributed to the tensions leading to World War I.

Ottoman Empire

A declining multi-ethnic empire that ceded control of Bosnia and Herzegovina to Austria-Hungary

Serbia

A nation that aspired to unite Slavic peoples in the region, angered by the Ottoman Empire's actions.

Black Hand

A Serbian nationalist group.

Archduke Franz Ferdinand

Heir to the Austro-Hungarian throne, assassinated by Gavrilo Princip.

Gavrilo Princip

The assassin of Archduke Franz Ferdinand.

Assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand

Occurred in Sarajevo on June 28, 1914.

Blank Check

Germany's promise of unconditional support to Austria-Hungary after the assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand.

Ultimatum

A harsh demand issued by Austria-Hungary to Serbia on July 23, 1914, with a 48-hour deadline.

Schlieffen Plan

Germany's strategy to quickly defeat France by invading through Belgium, then turning to fight Russia.

Great War

The war that began in August 1914.

British involvement

Britain joined the war after Germany violated Belgian neutrality.

The lamps going out all over Europe

A phrase reflecting the deep sadness and fear as Europe plunged into war, said by British Foreign Secretary Edward Grey.

First Battle of Ypres

Important battle that halted the German advance and marked the beginning of trench warfare on the Western Front.

Trench warfare

A brutal and stagnant form of warfare with soldiers living in mud, surrounded by rats, disease, and danger.

No Man's Land

The deadly, open area between enemy trenches, filled with barbed wire and subject to machine-gun fire.

Total war

A war involving entire societies, causing massive casualties, economic strain, and political upheaval.