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Black Tuesday

Proximate cause of the Great Depression. 29th october 1929

Bonus Army

the group of World War I veterans, their families, and supporters who marched to Washington, D.C., in 1932 to demand immediate payment of a promised bonus, facing hardship during the Great Depression. 

Dust Bowl

a severe ecological and economic disaster in the 1930s, characterized by massive dust storms and drought in the Great Plains region

Reconstruction Finance Corporation

a government-sponsored financial institution that provided loans to banks, businesses, and other entities from 1932 to 1957. The RFC was created to help stabilize the banking system and restore confidence during the Great Depression

Smoot-Hawley Tariff

increased tariffs on imported goods. The law was intended to protect American farmers and businesses from foreign competition. However, it made the Great Depression worse. Signed by Hoover.

Agricultural Marketing Act

1929, signed into law by President Herbert Hoover, aimed to stabilize farm prices by creating the Federal Farm Board and providing financial assistance to farmers through a revolving fund, seeking to address the downward spiral of crop prices. Had little impact.

Banking Crisis of 1933

By early 1933, many banks were struggling, and the public, fearing further losses, rushed to withdraw their deposits, leading to a "bank run"

Hoovervilles

shanty towns or makeshift homeless encampments that emerged during the Great Depression, named after President Herbert Hoover, who was blamed for the economic downturn

Dorothea Lange

American documentary photographer and photojournalist who captured striking images of Depression-era America. Believed photography could facilitate social change.

Escapism

turning to escape

The Grapes of Wrath, Okies

First published in 1939, Steinbeck's Pulitzer Prize-winning epic of the Great Depression chronicles the Dust Bowl migration of the 1930s. Okies was an unfavorable name given to Oklahomans moving to California during the dust bowl.

Popular Front

term used in mid-1930s in Europe by communists concerned over the rapid growth of fascist movements in Italy and Germany

Scottsboro Case

1931 trial of nine young Black men, falsely accused of raping two white women on a train in Alabama, which became a landmark civil rights case highlighting racial injustice

Frank Capra

an Italian-American film director, producer, and screenwriter who was the creative force behind several major award-winning films of the 1930s and 1940s

Richard Wright

an American author of novels, short stories, poems, and non-fiction. Most of his work covered racial themes and the plight of African Americans

Agricultural Adjustment Administration (AAA)

established in 1933 as part of President Franklin D. Roosevelt's New Deal, aimed to boost agricultural prices by reducing surpluses through subsidies for farmers who limited production of certain crops

bank holiday

the temporary closure of all banks in March 1933, initiated by President Franklin D. Roosevelt to address the banking crisis

Civilian Conservation Corps (CCC)

provided jobs for unemployed young men during the Great Depression, focusing on conservation and development of natural resources on federal and state lands

Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation (FDIC)

primary mission is to protect depositors against the loss of their insured deposits if a bank or thrift institution fails. 1933

Fireside Chats

unofficial nickname given to president Rosevelt’s radio conversations with the public

National Recovery Administration (set by National Industrial Recovery Act) [NRA]

aimed to stimulate economic recovery during the Great Depression by promoting industry-wide codes of fair competition, setting minimum wages and maximum hours, and encouraging collective bargaining

Social Security Act (SSA)

1935 law that established a social safety net for the elderly and unemployed

Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC)

an independent agency of the United States federal government, created in the aftermath of the Wall Street crash of 1929. Its primary purpose is to enforce laws against market manipulation

Tennessee Valley Authority (TVA)

a federally-owned corporation that generates electricity and manages the Tennessee River system

Works Progress Administration (WPA)

a key program to combat the Great Depression by providing jobs and income to millions of unemployed Americans through public works projects

National Labor Relations Board (NLRB)

established in 1935 to enforce the National Labor Relations Act (NLRA), also known as the Wagner Act, protecting employees' rights to organize and bargain collectively

Court Packing Plan

Franklin D. Roosevelt's 1937 proposal to expand the Supreme Court, allowing the president to appoint additional justices for every justice over 70, with a maximum of six. Denied due to power

Roosevelt Recession

1937-1938 dip in economy as Roosevelt briefly paused new deal legislation

Father Charles Coughlin

Catholic priest and populist leader, promoted antisemitic and pro-fascist views

Huey Long

known for his “Share Our Wealth" program, which influenced FDR's New Deal and challenged the existing economic order, though his political career ended tragically with his assassination in 1935

Schechter v. United States

a decision by the Supreme Court of the United States that invalidated regulations of the poultry industry according to the nondelegation doctrine and as an invalid use of Congress' power under the Commerce Clause

Congress of Industrial Organizations (CIO)

Formed in 1935, a federation of industrial unions in the United States and Canada that aimed to organize workers in mass-production industries

Eleanor Roosevelt, Frances Perkins

longest serving first lady who was a strong advocate for social change//// an American workers-rights advocate who served as the fourth United States Secretary of Labor from 1933 to 1945

Indian Reorganization Act (IRA)

a 1934 U.S. federal law that aimed to reverse the assimilation policies of the past and promote self-government and economic development for Native American tribes

Sit-down Strikes

a labor strike where workers occupy their workplace, refusing to work or allow others to work, to force an employer to meet their demands. Gained prominence during GD

Townsend Plan

a proposal by California physician Francis Townsend in 1933 to provide a monthly pension of $200 to every citizen age 60 and older, funded by a national sales tax

Dawes Plan

1924. aimed to address the reparations and debt repayment issues between Germany and the Allies after World War I, by reducing reparations, providing loans, and reorganizing the German National Bank

Kellogg-Briand Pact

a 1928 international agreement in which signatory states pledged to renounce war as an instrument of national policy and to settle disputes peacefully

5-Power Pact (Treaty)

a 1922 agreement signed by the United States, Great Britain, Japan, France, and Italy, aiming to limit naval armaments and prevent a naval arms race

Neutrality acts of 1935 and 1937

aimed to prevent the United States from being drawn into future wars by restricting trade and travel with nations at war. emblematic of the US’ isolationist attitude after WW1

Lend-Lease Act

march 1941, authorized the United States to lend or lease war supplies to any nation deemed vital to the defense of the United States. Allowed US to support allies without entering war

Atlantic Charter

a statement issued on 14 August 1941 that set out American and British goals for the world after the end of World War II, months before the US officially entered the war. Written by Prime minister Churchill and Roosevelt.

Good Neighbor Policy

the foreign policy of the administration of United States President Franklin D. Roosevelt towards Latin America

Neutrality Act of 1939

lifted the arms embargo, allowing belligerents to purchase war materials from the United States on a "cash-and-carry" basis, but maintained the ban on loans and American ships entering war zones

“Quarantine” Speech

a speech given by U.S. President Franklin D. Roosevelt in Chicago on October 5, 1937. The speech called for an international "quarantine" against the "epidemic of world lawlessness" by aggressive nations as an alternative to the political climate of American neutrality and non-intervention that was prevalent at the time. Received backlash from isolationists.

Nye Committee

a U.S. Senate committee formed in 1934 to investigate the role of the munitions industry in the country's entry into World War I

Fourteen Points

a statement of principles for peace that was to be used for peace negotiations in order to end World War I. The principles were outlined in a January 8, 1918 speech on war aims and peace terms to the United States Congress by President Woodrow Wilson

Article X of League of Nations

Stated that all allied nations must protect each other.

Henry Cabot Lodge

fiercely opposed the Treaty of Versailles after World War I, primarily due to his strong reservations about the League of Nations, leading him to become a key figure in the isolationist movement that prevented the United States from joining the international organization

D-Day

the date of the Allied invasion of Normandy on June 6, 1944, marking the start of the liberation of Western Europe from Nazi control

Hiroshima (Atomic Bomb)

U.S bombed Japan in response to the attack on Pearl Harbor

(Battle of) Midway

a pivotal naval engagement in the Pacific Theater of World War II, saw the US Navy decisively defeat the Japanese Combined Fleet in June 1942, effectively halting Japan's expansion and marking a turning point in the war

Pearl Harbor

On December 7, 1941, the Imperial Japanese Navy launched a surprise attack on the U.S. naval base at Pearl Harbor, Hawaii, leading to the United States' entry into World War II

Kamikaze

Japanese suicide bombers

Battle of Okinawa

a brutal 82-day conflict in April-June 1945, was the largest amphibious assault in the Pacific Theater, and its capture was crucial for the Allied strategy to invade Japan

Battle of the Bulge

the last major German offensive on the Western Front during World War II, taking place from December 16, 1944, to January 25, 1945

Manhattan Project

a top-secret, US-led World War II effort to develop the first atomic bombs

Internment camps, Korematsu v. United States

the Supreme Court upheld the constitutionality of the internment of Japanese Americans during World War II

Rosie the Riveter

an allegorical cultural icon in the United States who represents the women who worked in factories and shipyards during World War II

Braceros

a Mexican laborer allowed into the US for a limited time as a seasonal agricultural worker

A. Philip Randolph, Fair Employment Practices Commission

a U.S. government agency tasked with enforcing Executive Order 8802, which aimed to prevent discrimination in defense industries and government employment based on race, creed, color, or national origin

“Double-V” campaign

Launched by The Pittsburgh Courier, a World War II movement that fought for equality and democracy for African Americans. Victory would be earned on two fronts: racism at home and fascism abroad.

Office of War Mobilization

an independent agency tasked with coordinating the U.S. government's efforts during World War II, focusing on maximizing industrial production and resource allocation for the war effort

Zoot Suit

trendy suits. wearers were criticized (and even attacked) for “wasting” material during wartime

Detroit race riot of 1943

rioting broke out between white and Black residents of Detroit. Racism, poverty, and overcrowding were contributing factors.

Payroll deduction

refer to the Social Security Act of 1935, which established a payroll tax to fund unemployment insurance and old-age pensions

First New Deal vs Second

First: 1933-1934
Second: 1935-1938