English 11CP Midterm S1

English

Rhetoric

The art of effective or persuasive speaking or writing, especially the use of figures of speech and other compositional techniques.

Ethos

appeal to competence and ethics

Ethos

appeal to the gut

Pathos

appeal to emotion

Pathos

appeal to the heart

Logos

Appeal to logic

Logos

appeal to the brain

Denotation

the literal meaning of a word; a word's dictionary definition

Connotation

A word's emotional or cultural meaning; the idea or feeling that a word invokes.

Claim

An assertion of the truth of something—one that is disputed or in doubt, and therefore arguable

claim of fact

A claim concerning whether something is true or false is...

claim of value

A claim concerning whether something is right or wrong/good or bad is...

claim of policy

A claim concerning a proposed change is...

Rhetorical Situation: Exigence

Specific circumstances and events that led to the need for the text

Rhetorical Situation: Subject

The topic of the rhetoric; The "What"

Primary Audience

Listener, Viewer, Reader of a Text or Performance

Secondary Audience

Others who may see/hear on Television, Radio, Social Media

logical fallacy

fault in logic / faulty logic; a flaw in reasoning; tricks or illusions of thought

ad hominem fallacy

Attacking the opponent's character or personal traits in an attempt to undermine their argument

straw man fallacy

Misrepresenting someone's argument to make it easier to attack.

appeal to tradition fallacy

an idea is claimed to be right because it is the way it was often done in the past

bandwagon fallacy

Appealing to popularity or the fact that many people do something as an attempted form of validation

Begging the Question/Circular Reasoning fallacy

Repeating what has already been said to make it look like a cause, explanation, or reason; Presenting a circular argument in which the conclusion was included in the premise.

slippery slope fallacy

a chain of events with an extreme and undesirable result; "domino effect" logic

false cause fallacy

a statement asserting that if an event occurs before some outcome, the event therefore caused that outcome; errors in explaining a cause-effect relationship

black or white fallacy

This tactic involves stating a complicated issue in black and white terms; either-or thinking

anecdote

A brief narrative that focuses on a particular incident or event; Stories about other people you've observed, been told about, or researched

quantitative evidence

Statistics, surveys, polls (info represented in numbers); graphs, charts, tables; Shocking stat - appeal to pathos (heart)

Syllogism

A form of deductive reasoning consisting of a major premise, a minor premise, and a conclusion.

Induction

the process that moves from a given series of specifics to a generalization; arrange an argument so it leads from particulars to universals

deduction

the process of moving from a general rule to a specific example; start with a general principle or universal truth (a major premise) & apply it to a specific case (a minor premise)