AP World Vocab: 5.1-5.2

John Locke

Author of “Two Treaties of Government” who view political life as the result of a social contract. Argued that the social contract implied the right of citizens to revolt against unjust government. Natural rights to life, liberty, and property.

Social Contract

An agreement by citizens on which rights they have and how they should be government.

Tabula Rasa

Theory that kids were born with minds like a blank slate.

Philosophes

A new group of thinkers and writers who explored social, political, and economic theories.

Baron Montesquieu

Writer of “The Spirit of Laws”, praised the British government’s use of checks on power because of its parliament.

Voltaire

Advocate for civil liberties. Freedom of speech, freedom of religion, and separation of the church and the state.

Jean-Jacques Rousseau

Writer who expanded on idea of social Contract as it passed down through the work of Hobbes and Locke. Wrote “Emile or On Education” (child education) and “The Social Contract” (general will of population, sovereignty must respect that)

Enlightenment

Intellectual movement towards individualism over community values. Inspired revolutions worldwide.

Deism

The belief that that a divinity (God) created/set up the natural world but does not interfere with life.

Liberalism

A political and economic philosophy that emphasized individual freedoms, equality, and limited government intervention.

Conservatism

Belief in traditional institutions, reliance on practical experience over idealogical theories.

Empiricism

The belief that knowledge comes from sensed experience from what we observe.

Nationalism

The feeling of intense loyalty to others who share one’s language or culture.

Classical Liberalism

A belief in natural rights, constitutional government, laissez-faire economics and reduced spending on armies and established churches.

Feminism

The movement of women’s rights and equality based off of enlightenment ideas.

Abolitionism

The movement to end the Atlantic Slave Trade and free all enslaved people.

Zionism

The desire of Jewish people to reestablish an independent homeland where their ancestors had lived in the middle east.

Antisemitism

Hostility towards Jewish people.

Theodor Herzl (Zionism)

Austro-hungarian Jewish man leading the movement of Zionism.

Dreyfus Affair

A scandal in France where a Jewish military officer was convicted of treason against the French government based off of forged documents.

Adam Smith

One of the most influential thinkers of the Enlightenment, wrote “The Wealth of Nations”. Called for freer trade and laisses-fairee.

The Wealth of Nations

Book by Adam Smith, called for freer trade in responce to mercantilism. Also supported laisses-faire economics.

Laissez-faire

A French phrase for “leave me alone”. Meant that the government should reduce their intervention in economic decisions.

Capitalism

An economic system in which the means of production such as factories and natural resources , are privately owned and are operated to profit.

Socialism

The system of public or direct worker ownership of the means of production such as the mills to make cloth or the machinery and the land needed.

Utopian Socialists

Those who felt society could be channeled in positive directions by setting up ideal communities.

Henri de Saint-Simon

Believed that scientists and engineers working together with businesses could operate clean, efficient, and beautiful places to work that produced things useful to society.

Charles Fourier

Identifies 910 passions that would make the world more enjoyable and workers less tired.Believes a fundamental principle of Utopia whereas harmonious livings in communities whether than class struggle.

Robert Owen

Established intentional communities governed by the principles of Utopian socialism.

Fabian Society

Socialist group formed in England. They were gradual socialists, favoring reforming society by parliamentary means.

American Revolution

Political conflict between the 13 Colonies and Great Britain where the colonies wanted freedom and their own government.

Declaration of Independence

Expressed the philosophy behind the colonists’ fight against British rule. Heavily influenced by “natural rights” (heavily influenced by the enlightenment).

French Revolution

Revolution in France during the 1780s after the American Revolution.

Deceleration of Rights of Man

A statement declaring basic human rights for the French.

Reign of Terror

A period in which the government executed thousands of opponents of the revolution, including the King and Queen, sprang from the Jacobins.

liberté, egalité, et fraternité

Liberty, equality, and fraternity

Hatian Revolution

Revolution happening in Haiti at the end of the 18th century against the French.

Haiti

Island in the Caribbean owned by France.

Toussaint L’Ouverture

Former slave who led a revolution against slavery in Haiti and established an independent government.

Simon Bolivar

Creole who pushed the Enlightenment ideals in Latin America, instrumental in the independence of areas that become Venezuela, Colombia, Ecuador, and Peru.

Lola Rodriguez de Tio

A recognized poet during an era of educational opportunity for women. Famous for her eloquent critiques of Spain’s exploitative rule over Puerto Rico.

Propaganda Movement

Movement in which the publishing of magazines, pamphlets, and other publications advocating for greater autonomy for the Philippines. Did not call for revolution or independence.

Italian Unification

The drive to unite the entire Italian Peninsula under the only native dynasty (House of Savoy) by Count di Cavour.

Realpolitik

The practical politics of reality.

Giuseppe Mazzini

Radical Romantic revolutionary philosopher. Agitating for Italian Resurgence.

Risorgimento

Italian Resurgence.

Giuseppe Garibaldi

Military commander who left to Red Shirts military force what was fighting in the Kingdom of Naples.

Immigration

The movement of people into the country from other countries.

German Unification

Drive to unite Germany with nationalist movements and wars.

Otto Von Bismarck

Prussian leader who favored reapolitik and used nationalist feelings to engineer three wars to bring about German unification, wars against Austria, France and Denmark.

Balkans

Middle East area, Predominantly controlled by the Ottomans. Nationalism towards this place increased during this time period.

Ottomanism

An Ottoman movement that aimed to create a more modern, unified state. Officials sought to do this by minimizing ethic, linguistic, and religious differences across the empire.

Maroons

Escaped slaves in the Caribbean, joined the Hatian Revolution.

Mestizos

People born of European and Indian parents.

Peninsulares

Colonist who were born in the Iberian peninsula (Spain or Portugal).

Mulattoes

People with African and European/Indigenous ancestry.

Bastille

A former prison that symbolized the abuses of the monarchy and the corrupt aristocracy.

Italian Peninsula

The peninsula that Italy is (the boot).