AP Psych Unit 4: Humanism, Trait Theory, Social-Cognitive Theory, Freud's Stages of Psychosexual Development

X:57- Humanistic Theory of Personality X:58- Trait Theory X:59- Social Cognitive Theory X:55- Freudian Basics (only part of it)

Psychoanalytic Perspective

the perspective that stresses the influences of unconscious forces on human behavior

-unconscious includes unacceptable thoughts, sexual and violent and primitive urges and trauma

-holds things that are hidden from consciousness due to taboo

Psychosexual Stages of Development

Humans have a libido (sexual energy) from birth that moves from place to place in the body

-each stage has a conflict between social rules and urges, not resolving conflict leads to fixations, which leads to certain personality traits

-this theory is not true

PSoD: Oral Stage

Birth to one year, involves the mouth and sucking

PSoD: Anal stage

1 to 3 years, involves anus and potty training

PSoD: Phallic stage

3 to 6 years, involves genitals

PSoD: Latency Stage

6 years to puberty, libido goes dormant

PSoD: Genital stage

Puberty to death, involves genitals

Abraham Maslow

Humanistic psychologist who believed in inherent good of people and they were motivated for self-actualization

Carl Rogers

Maslow's partner, believed in a positive self-concept for growth and self-actualization

Positive self-concept

attained in childhood when a child is raised in a nurturing environment with unconditional positive regard

-idea coined by Carl Rogers

Parts of unconditional positive regard: Acceptance

validating a person, not their choices, and allowing them to be completely themselves

Parts of unconditional positive regard: Genuineness

Being open with feelings, transparency

Parts of unconditional positive regard: Empathy

sharing feelings and mirroring feelings to validate their experiences

-sympathy is NOT empathy

Eynsenck and 2-Dimensions

Introversion/extroversion and emotional stability

-part of trait theory, which examines preferences/tendencies/patterns of thinking and feeling and behavior to identify tratis

Factor analysis

A statistical procedure used to identify categories based on clusters of similar test questions

-used for intelligence and personality

Myer-Briggs Inventory (4 dimensions)

Introversion/extroversion (energy from big or small groups)

-Information (intuition/sensing, focus on possibility or concrete information from five senses)

-Decision making (logical or emotional/interpersonal values)

-Organization (structure or spontaneous)

Reciprocal determinism

the interacting influences of behavior, internal cognition, and environment

-developed by Albert Bandura

Cognitive/emotional factors

Behavior, environment, and personal factors like our beliefs

Social-environmental experiences

influence how we think, feel, and behave

Behavior/choices

Influence what we think and the environments we place ourselves in

Internal locus of control

Believing our fate is in our own hands

External locus of control

Believing our fate is in someone else's hands, like God

Self

Center of the personality, organizer of thoughts and feelings and actions

Spotlight effect

Thinking that others are noticing/evaluating us more than they actually are

Self-esteem

one's feelings of high or low self-worth

Self-efficacy

one's sense of competence and effectiveness

Individualism vs. collectivism

Individualism promotes thinking for yourself before others, collectivism promotes thinking for your ingroup before yourself