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What caused the Second Industrial Revolution in America?
Expanding markets, wealthy entrepreneurs, and the control of large corporations by captains of industry.
What was one major consequence of the Second Industrial Revolution regarding wealth distribution?
It contributed to unequal wealth distribution among the population.
Who were the primary groups involved in the construction of transcontinental railroads?
Unemployed veterans, Irish immigrants, and Chinese immigrants.
What was the 'Great American Desert' referring to?
The land between the Mississippi River and California before the construction of railroads.
What was the purpose of the National Grange Movement?
To defend farmers against middlemen and improve their economic conditions.
What did the Ocala Platform call for?
Lower tariffs, direct election of Senators, higher taxes on the wealthy, and federal regulation of banking.
What sparked the reform movements related to urban living conditions?
The poor urban living conditions, unsanitary cities, and weak law enforcement.
Who led the temperance campaigns during this period?
Women, who advocated against alcohol consumption.
What was Turner's Frontier Thesis?
It argued that the settling of the frontier was an evolutionary process that shaped American civilization.
What event marked the end of the Indian Wars?
The Battle of Wounded Knee, where U.S. government forces killed hundreds of Indians.
What did the Civil Rights Cases of 1883 conclude?
Congress could not ban discrimination from businesses and private citizens.
What was the primary food source for many American Indians before white settlers?
Buffalo.
What role did George Washington Carver play in the southern economy?
He promoted the cultivation of diverse crops, such as peanuts, sweet potatoes, and soybeans.
Who was Ida B. Wells and what did she campaign against?
She was an editor and civil rights advocate who campaigned against lynching and Jim Crow Laws.
What major landmark event occurred in 1869?
The completion of the Transcontinental Railroad.
What legislation aimed to promote agricultural education through land-grant universities?
The Morrill Land-Grant Act (1862).
What was the impact of the Plessy v. Ferguson ruling?
It upheld the doctrine of 'separate but equal' which allowed for racial segregation.
What was the purpose of the Dawes Act?
To break up tribal lands and assimilate Native Americans into white society.
What was the significance of the Sherman Antitrust Act?
It made it illegal to restrain trade or commerce and sought to prevent monopolistic practices.
What invention is credited to Alexander Graham Bell?
The telephone.
What characterized the rise of industrial capitalism in the U.S. during this period?
Railroads became the nation's first big business and led to exploitation for quick profits.
What were 'boom towns'?
Rapidly growing towns that emerged during the mining rush due to gold and silver discoveries.
What were the effects of the Homestead Act of 1862?
It granted land to settlers who would farm it for five years, promoting westward expansion.
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