Psychology Chapter 9 Motivation and Emotion

Motivation

Internal processes that initiate sustain, direct and terminate activities

A Model of Motivational Activities are

Need, Drive, Response, Goal

Need

Internal deficiency that may energize behavior.

Drive

The psychological expression of internal needs or valued goals,

Response

Any action, glandular activity or other behavior

Goal

The target or objective of motivated behavior

Incentive Value

A value if a goal above and beyond is ability to fill a need

Types of Motives are

Biological, Stimulus, Learned

Primary Motive

Innate (inborn) motives based on biological needs we must meet to survive

Stimulus Motive

Innate needs for stimulation and information

Secondary Motive

Based on learned needs, drives, and goals

Biological motives

Innate motives based on biological needs

Stimulus motives

Innate need for stimulation

Learned motives

Motives based on learned needs, drives, and goals

Homeostasis

steady state of body equilibrium

Circadian rhythms

Cyclical changes in body functions and arousal levels that vary on schedule approximating a 24-hour day

Episodic drive

A drive, like pain, that occurs in distinct episodes

Hypothalamus

A small area at the based of the brain that regulates many aspect of motivation and emotion, especially hunger,thirst, and sexual behavior

Arousal theory

Assumes that people prefer to maintain ideal or comfortable, levels of arousal

Test anxiety

High levels of arousal and worry that seriously impair test performance

Social motives

Learned motives acquired as part of growing up in a particular society or culture

Need for achievement (nAch)

The desire to excel or meet some internalized standard of excellience

Need for power

The desire to have to have social impact and control over others

Hierarchy of human needs

Abraham Maslow's ordering of needs, based on their presumed strength or potency

Basic needs

The first four levels of needs in Maslow's hierarchy; lower needs tend to be more potent than higher needs.

Growth needs

In Maslow's hierarchy, the higher level needs associated with self-actualization

Meta-need

In Maslow's hierarchy, needs associated with impulses for self-actualization

Emotion

A state characterized by physiological arousal, changes in facial expression, gestures, posture, and subjective feelings

Adaptive behaviors

Actions that aid attempts to survive and adapt to changing conditions

Physiological changes

Alterations in heart rate, blood pressure, perspiration, and other involuntary responses

Emotional expression

Outward signs that an emotion is occurring

Emotional feeling

The private, subjective experience of having a emotion

Amygdala

A part of the limbic system (within the brain) that produces fear responses

Sensation Seeking

Trait of people who prefer high levels of stimulation (e.g., the contestants on "Eco-Challenge" and "Fear Factor")

Yerkes-Dodson Law

If a task is simple, it is best for arousal to be high; if it is complex, lower levels of arousal provide for the best performance

Social Motives

Acquired by growing up in a particular society or culture

Need for Achievement (nAch)

Desire to meet some internal standard of excellence

Need for Power

Desire to have impact or control over others