PBSI 302 Final Exam (Ch. 4 & 14)

When the original study is repeated as closely as possible to determine whether the original effect if found in the new data, this is known as what?

Direct replication

When researchers explore the same research question but use different procedures like operationalizing the variables differently, this is known as what?

conceptual replication

When researchers replicate the original study but add some variables to test additional questions, this is known as what?

replication-plus-extension

___ ___ have revealed that while many psychological effects are replicable, some are not

replication projects

What is a series of related studies conducted by different researchers who have tested similar variables?

scientific literature

what is a statistical analysis that yields a quantitative summary of scientific literature?

Meta-analysis

when a meta-analysis might overestimate the true effect size because null effects haven't been included in the analysis, it is called a what?

file drawer problem

When researchers mislead about the strength of the evidence by not reporting conditions or measures that did not support the hypothesis is what questionable research practice?

underreporting null effects

When researchers try many ways of analyzing their data, so the result is more likely to be a fluke rather than a true, replicable pattern, this is what type of questionable research practice?

P-hacking

When a study reveals an unexpected result but the researcher writes about the study as if the result had been predicted all along, this is what type of questionable research practice?

Harking

when using a small sample size, there are a few chance values that can influence the data set so the study's estimate is imprecise and less replicable, this is what type of questionable research practice?

Using small sample sizes

T/F: just because a sample comes from a population does not mean it generalizes the population

True

What type of external validity focuses on whether a laboratory study generalizes to real world setting?

Ecological validity

EX. would studies on lying about playing cards that took place in a lab on a computer, generalize to real-world lies not in a lab?

When researchers design correlational or experimental research to investigate support for a theory, this is known as what?

Theory-testing mode

When researchers want to generalize the findings from the sample in a previous study to a larger population, this is known as what?

generalization or generalization mode

What is a subdiscipline of psychology focusing on how cultural contexts shape human thinking, feeling, and behavior?

Cultural psychology

When a study takes place in the real world and has high external validity, it occurs in a ____ ____.

field setting

When lab studies are just as realistic as research conducted in the real world, it is known as what?

experimental realism

Informed consent in under which core ethical principle?

Principle of respect for persons

- people are autonomous agents and should be given all info to make a decision whether or not to participate in a study

anonymous or confidential study is under which core ethical principle?

principle of beneficence

- protection from harm

The balance between people who participate and those who benefit is under which core ethical principle?

principle of justice

what are the 3 core principles under the Belmont report?

principle of respect for persons

principle of beneficence

principle of justice

Which APA ethical principle includes treating people in a way that benefits them, does not cause suffering, and will benefit society?

beneficence and nonmaleficence

Which APA ethical principle establishes relationships of trust and accepts responsibility for professional behavior?

Fidelity and responsibility

Which APA ethical principle includes striving to be accurate, truthful, and honest in one's role as a researcher, teacher, or practitioner?

Integrity

Which APA ethical principle strives to treat all groups of people fairly?

justice

Which APA ethical principle recognizes an individual's rights to privacy and confidentiality as autonomous agents?

Respect for people's rights and dignity

What does the Institutional Review Board do (standard 8.01)?

Responsible for making sure that research using humans as participants is conducted ethically

What is informed consent (standard 8.02)

explanation of the study must be provided in a written format before a person agrees to participate

What is deception (standard 8.07)?

Two types:

- Omission (withholding details of the study from ps)

- Commission (lying to ps)

What is debriefing (standard 8.08)?

When researchers use deception, they must debrief ps following their participation. Debriefs are usually verbal and explain why deception was used and the nature of it.

What is the ethical standard for animal research (standard 8.09)?

some psychologists conduct research on nonhumans and these animals should be treated well and protected from suffering

data fabrication

Inventing data to fit hypothesis

data falsification

Selectively deleting data or influencing subjects to behave in a certain way that fits the hypothesis