Microbiology Lab test 1

Study guide in flashcards

What are General Rules for Laboratory

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* Disinfect your lab bench
* Do not place books, backpacks, purses on bench tops
* No cell phones
* Wash your hands
* Report accidents and spills immediately 

What goes in the Sharps Container

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* Needles 
* Glass slides & cover slips 
* Broken glass 
* Pasteur Pipettes 
* Syringes 
* NO PAPER

What goes in the Step on Container

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* Paper towels 
* Cotton 
* Tongue depressors 
* Plastic petri dishes 
* Gloves 
* All gloves go here

What is the ocular eyepiece

**What you see through** 

What is the rotating nose piece

How the objectives rotate

What are the objectives

The different lenses you see between

What is the stage

What you put the slide on

What is the condenser

**The light through which comes allows light to come through so you to see the slide**

What is X and Y stage travel controls

The tiny knobs on the side

What is coarse-focusing knobs

the thick one on the side

What is fine-focusing knobs?

the thin chunky one on the side

What is the arm?

Where you carry the microscope from

What is a Compound microscope?

Uses two or more lenses between the eye and the object

What is Total magnification

**The lenses times the total magnification**

What is Refractive index

A measure of the light being characteristic of the object lens to capture light. Where the light passes through

What is Resolving power

How good the lens is to look at something

What is Numerical aperture

Used to determine the efficiency of objective lenses to capture light. Larger the numerical aperture brighter and better the image

What is Low power objective

5X or 10X. The objective used to locate the object on the slide.

What is High-dry objective

40X the objective used for higher magnification without oil

What is Oil immersion objective

100x the objective used for the highest magnification

What microscope is used for darker specimens and morphological examination

Brightfield

What is a Darkfield microscope?

It uses a special condenser and reflected light. The reflected light causes the specimen to appear bright against a black background

Why do we use Darkfield microscopes

Used when trying to visualize inside organelles

What is a brightfield microscope?

The object being observed is dark against a bright field

What is a Phase contrast microscope?

It uses a condenser that allows both direct and reflected or diffracted light rays to come together to produce the contrasted

Why do we use phase contrast?

Used when trying to visualize inside the membranes

What is a Fluorescent microscope?

It sues uses an ultraviolet light source that causes the microbes to give off a fluorescent light when stained with fluorescent stains

What is a Fluorescent microscope used for?

Able to see the attachments to the antibodies

Which microscope has a max power of 100x 

with most common being 20 x to 40x

Stereoscope

What is a Stereoscope microscope?

Creates a three dimensional image. Using two ice pieces

What is Electron microscopy?

Uses a beam of electrons instead of light

Why do we use Electron microscopy?

For atomic and cell structures and viruses not observable with the light microscope

What is the magnification of Electron microscopy?

100,000 and higher

What is a TEM microscope?

Transmission electron microscope

What is a TEM microscope used for?

Uses electrons to pass through a thin section of material

What is the magnification of a TEM microscope?

50 - 50 million

What is a SEM microscope?

Scanning electron microscope

What is SEM used for?

Provides three dimensional views of specimens without sectioning them

What is the magnification of SEM microscope?

10 - 500,000X

What is Hay infusion?

An infusion is made by soaking dried plant material in water. Soaking hay in water to yield various organisms. Protozoa is found in water, when they are dry cysts and go into dormant state.

What is  the order of the food chain in a hay infusion

Bacteria Predominates 

Variety of microorganisms appears that feed on bacteria → saprophytic flagellates, ciliates, and amoebae 

Then carnivores ones will appear

What factors contribute to the appearance of new species?

New species occur due to the light intensity, gasses, pH, and concentration

What is a Procaryote?

A cell whose genetic material is not enclosed in a nuclear envelope and has a single circular DNA molecule as it’s chromosome

What are the characteristics of a Procaryote?

single celled organisms, lack nucleus, lack membrane bound organelles

What is a Eucaryote?

A cell having DNA inside a distinct membrane - enclosed nucleus and usually other organelles. (Protozoa and fungi are in this section)

What are the characteristics of a Eucaryote?

nucleus cell, membrane bound organelles, multi cellular

What is Protozoa?

Mostly unicellular eukaryotic microorganisms that lack cell walls

What is a Parasite?

**A type of organisms that feeds on live organic matter, such as another organism** 

What is Algae?

**The common name given to a heterogeneous group of plants that are capable of carrying out photosynthesis and usually live in water. Some are unicellular**

What is Cyanobacteria?

Oxygen-producing prokaryotes; also called blue-green algae

What is Plankton?

Free floating aquatic microorganisms. This group includes diatoms and dinoflagellates

What is Thallus?

the body of a fungus

What is Hyphae?

Long filaments of cells joined together

What is Septate hyphae?

**Septate → hyphae that are divided into cells are called septate hyphae from cell walls** 

What is Non-septate hyphae?

**the result of the nucleus repeatedly dividing but not the cytoplasm.**

What are Spores?

filamentous fungi that can reproduce both sexually and asexually

What are Conidiospores?

formed in a specialized hyphae (asexual)

What are Sporangiophores?

at the end of an aerial hypha (asexual)

How does sexual reproduction work in fungi

result from where + and - nuclei fuse to form sexual spores

What are Zygospores?

nside a zygote → spores produced by fungi and protists (sexual)

what are Ascospores?

inside an ascus → found in a single other cell, found in clusters of four or eight spores (sexual)

What are Basidiospores?

inside as basidium → contain one haploid nucleus that is the product of meiosis (sexual)

What is Zygomycota fungi?

have non septate hyphae and produce asexual sporangiospores 

\-Rhizopus = bread mold 

What is Ascomycota fungi?

Produce conidiospores 

\-Aspergillus and Penicillium

What is Basidiomycota fungi?

have septate hyphae and produce conidiospores 

\-Mushrooms 

What is Deuteromycota fungi?

is a holding place for fungi if they have not yet been found to produce sexual spores → referred to as the “imperfect fungi”

What are Yeasts?

are classified as unicellular fungi that are non-filamentous

What is Fission?

how yeast reproduce → divides evenly to create two new cells

What is Budding?

parent cells that bud off that eventually break off

What is Pseudohyphae?

when buds fail to detach

What is Dimorphic?

Yeast that can take on two forms

What is an example of a yeast that is dimorphic?

Candida Albicans

What is Potato Dextrose Agar (PDA) culture media and its use?

consists of a potato infusion and dextrose and will encourage the growth of fungi and yeast

What is __Sabouraud’s Agar (SAB__) culture media and its use?

culture media contains an antibiotic to inhibit bacterial growth 

What is a Pathogen?

any microorganism that can cause disease in a healthy person

What is a Compromised host

**a person whose immune system is suppressed and, therefore can be susceptible to invasion by microorganisms**

what is an Opportunistic pathogen

**microorganisms that invade the body when the body’s immune defense is suppressed or compromised** 

What is Nosocomial infection (HAI)

**a subset of infectious diseases acquired in a healthcare facility** 

What are The three primary shapes of bacteria?

Bacillius, Coccus, Spirillum

What is Bacillus

rod-shaped → disease causing

What is Coccus

 spherical

What is Spirillum

spiral → thick long flowy

What are the ways in which cocci may occur?

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Singly , Coccal, In pairs, Diplococcal, Tetrads, Groups of four (no special name), Sarcina , Cube shaped 3D, Staphylococci ,Clusters 

What are the ways in which bacilli may occur

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Coccobacillus: singly, in pairs tetrads, chain, irregular clusters 

Diplobacillus: a pair of rod-shaped bacilli that remain joined together end-to-end following division.

Streptobacillus: corkscrew flexible curved rods

What is Pleomorphism?

 virus, tumor, or and organism at different stages of the life cycle

What shape is Vibrios?

Bean

What shape is Spirochaetes

corkscrew

What is Culture media?

**the gel or liquid that contains nutrients and is used to grow bacteria or microorganisms** 

Sterile media

ree of all life forms; STERILE

What is usually used to sterilize media?

Aseptic technique, bunsen burner, autoclaving

What is Pure Culture

a population descended from a single cell

What is Inoculation

the process of introducing microbes into a culture media so that it reproduces there

What are Contaminants

The unnecessary or unintentional habitation of pathogenic microorganisms

What is Aseptic technique

a method that involves target-specific practices and procedures under controlled conditions

What is an Inoculating loop

tool used to handle bacteria

What is an Inoculation needle?

**wood sticks, glass ords, cotton swabs, syringes, pipettes, and mechanical pipettes** 

What is a Bunsen burner purpose?

to disinfect everything, to heat substances

What part of the flame is the hottest?

Just above the tip of the bottom flame

Why do we use aseptic techniques?

To make sure microbes don’t get unintentionally released into the environment and to make sure the experiment isn’t contaminated

Why do we do a smear preparation?

To prepare the organism from staining, and so that the organism isn’t washed away and is fixed onto the slide