BI108 Quiz 2

energy

the ability to do work

electrical energy

related to the movement of charged particles

thermal energy

the energy of motion in ions/molecules

potential energy

energy related to position

free energy

the energy available to do work

adenosine triphosphate

the source of energy that makes cells/organisms run

phosphorylation

the attachment of a phosphate group to a molecule resulting in a great deal of work

energy coupling

the use of free energy from spontaneous reactions to drive non spontaneous reactions

endergonic reaction

results in an increase of free energy

exergonic reaction

results in a decrease of free energy

enzymes

react as catalysts in reactions

active site

location on a protein where a reaction takes place

active site inhibition

prevents substrates from entering active site

allosteric inhibition

inhibitors bind elsewhere on enzyme and alter the shape of the active sire, prevening substrate bonding

allosteric activation

activator binds elsewhere on enzyme and alters shape of active sire to encourage substrate binding

allostery

9ther molecules can cause a conformational change in an enzyme, which alters it’s activity

kinases

enzymes that catalyze phosphorylation

metabolic pathway

a series of reactions within a cell (converting molecules into other molecules or releasing energy)

metabolism

all chemical reactions occurring in a biological system at a given time

anabolic reactions

complex molecules are made from simple molecules, and energy input is required

catabolic reaction

complex molecules are broken into simple molecules, and energy is released

reduction

gain of electron/s

oxidation

loss of electron/s

glycolysis inputs

1 glucose, 2 ATP, 2 NAD+ + Pi

glycolysis outputs

2 pyruvate, 4 ATP, 2 NADH

pyruvate processing inputs

2 pyruvate, 2 NAD+, 2 coenzyme A

pyruvate processing outputs

2 acetyl coenzyme A, 2 CO2, 2 NADH

citric acid cycle inputs

2 acetyl coenzyme A, 6 NAD+, 2 FAD+, 2 GDP + Pi

citric acid cycle outputs

2 GTP, 4 CO2, 6 NADH, 2 FADH2

electron transport train inputs

NADH, FADH2, O2, H+

electron transport train outputs

NAD+, FAD, H2O, protein gradient

ATP synthesis inputs

4 H+ per ADP, ADP + Pi

ATP synthesis outputs

ATP (28 per glucose)

oxidative phosphorylation

ATP synthesized by oxidation of electron carriers in the presence of O2

fermentation

produced ATP after glycolysis if there is no O2 available

negative feedback

high concentration of a metabolic product can inhibit action of an enzyme in pathway

positive feedback

high concentration of a metabolic product can activate an enzyme in another pathway

calvin cycle

reactions that use ATP and NADPH to reduce CO2 and produce sugars

rubisco

enzyme that catalyzes the first step of the calvin cycle

somata

small openings in plant structure that CO2 and O2 diffuse in and out of

guard cells

control the opening/closing of somata in response to environmental conditions