Bio - Reproduction

asexual reproduction

one parent, identical genetically, undergoes mitosis

sexual reproduction

2 parents, genetically different from parents and siblings, undergoes meiosis

male gametes

motile, smaller, food store for gamete

female gamete

nonmotile, larger, more food store for embryo

anisogamy

male and female gametes are different

isogamy

male and female gametes are outwardly similar

testes

produces sperm and testosterone

epididymis

stores sperm until ejaculation

seminal vesicle and prostate gland

secrete fluid that is added to sperm to form semen

sperm duct and vas deference

transfers sperm during ejaculation

urethra

transfers semen during ejaculation and urine during urination

penis

penetrates vagina so semen can be ejaculated near cervix

erectile tissue

fills with blood to enlarge and harden penis

scrotum

holds testes at a lower temperature to promote sperm development

ovary

produces eggs and hormones (progesterone and oestraidol)

oviduct

collects eggs during ovulation, site of fertilization

uterus

provides for needs of embryo and fetus

cervix

protects fetus during pregnancy and dilates to birth canal

vagina

stimulates the penis to cause ejaculation and forms the birth canal

vulva

protects internal parts of the system

ovarian cycle

series of changes that occur within the ovaries focused on the development and release of eggs

ovarian cycle follicular phase

follicles develop in ovary and an egg is stimulated to grow inside, the most developed follicle breaks open releasing the egg into the oviduct

ovulation

release of the egg (usually day 14)

ovarian cycle luteal phase

wall of the follicle that released an egg develops into corpus luteum

corpus albicans

degenerated corpus luteum

uterine cycle

changes that occur to endometrium

uterine cycle luteal phase

endometrium becomes thickened and richly supplied with blood

effect of no embryo on uterine cycle

thickened endometrium starts to break down towards end of luteal phase

protein hormones

from pituitary gland, FSH and LH

lipid hormones (ovarian steroid)

produced by follicle wall/corpus luteum, oestradiol and progesterone

follicle-stimulating hormone

peaks at end of menstruation and ovulation, assists in maturation of follicles, stimulates secretion of oestradiol

luteinizing hormone

peaks toward end of follicular phase, stimulates completion of meiosis in egg + partial digestion of follicle wall, promotes post-ovulation development of corpus luteum

oestradiol

peaks at end of follicular phase, stimulates repair of endometrium after menstruation, stimulates an increase in FSH receptors or inhibits secretion of FSH depending on oestradiol amounts

progesterone

peaks at middle of luteal phase, promotes thickening of endometrium for implantation, inhibits FSH and LH secretion by pituitary gland

fertilization

fusion of a sperm with an egg to form a zygote