final locke

State of nature for locke is

peaceful

Which is following is/are natural right(s) for hobbs

right to life, liberty, property

What does locke call the power of executive to act against the wishes of the people in an emergency but for the common good

executive prerogative

According to john locke, what give people the right to hoard things in the state of nature?

the invention of money

According to john locke, which of following reasons limits property rights in the early stages of the state of nature

people are not allowed to hoard, people are not allowed to spoil, people do not yet have money

True or false

false-there is no money in locke state of nature

Which of the following is a law of nature for locke

self

Which of the following characterizes the state of nature for locke

is it state of freedom, it is a state of equality, it is governed by the laws of nature

Locke creates a

limited government, a government which protects the rights of people, a government with three branches

What are the institutions in lockes perfect government

executive, legislature, federative

According to John locke, what gives people the right to hoard things in state of nature

money

Locke’s book

SECOND TREATISE OF GOVERNMENT

end-(republic)-How are families set up in Plato's ideal state?

All guardian men and women live communally, and no parent knows their own child, nor does any child know their parents.Mating is arranged by the rulers through "marriage festivals," which are manipulated to ensure that the best guardians are paired together as often as possible. To avoid resentment, the process is made to appear as a random lottery.

start-(locke)Compare and contrast Hobbes's and Locke's characterizations of the state of nature

Hobbes and Locke both use the concept of the state of nature to explore the origins and justification of political authority, but they arrive at very different conclusions based on very different assumptions about human nature. Hobbs Chaotic, violent, a state of war. LockePeaceful but insecure

Distinguish between the state of nature and the state of war, according to Locke

the state of nature is a state of perfect freedom where individuals are governed by the law of nature and reason, allowing for peace and cooperation without a common superior. In contrast, the state of war is a state of enmity, malice, and destruction that arises when someone declares an intent to harm another's life, liberty, or possessions by force

/How does Locke's theory of property explain how an individual can gain a right to private property in the state of nature?

an individual can acquire private property in the state of nature by mixing their labor with unowned resources, as long as they leave "enough, and as good" for others and do not let resources spoil. He argues that because each person has ownership over their own body and labor, anything they take from the common state of nature and add their own effort to becomes their private property

*Describe Locke's proposed branches of government (legislative, executive, and federative) and their respective functions

leg-It is responsible for creating and enacting the society's laws.

exe-r the internal enforcement of the laws created by the legislative branch

fed-is responsible for managing a commonwealth's external affairs.

According to Locke, who is the ultimate judge of whether the government has acted contrary to its trust?

people

What circumstances lead to the dissolution of government, according to Locke?

government is dissolved when it is conquered by a foreign power, the executive abandons their rule, or the legislative is altered and acts contrary to the people's interests. A government also dissolves if the executive or legislature acts arbitrarily, undermining the trust placed in them by the people, and failing to protect their natural rights to life, liberty, and property. In these circumstances, the people have the right to dissolve the government and establish a new one.

What happens to political power once a government is dissolved?

When a government dissolves, the transfer of political power depends entirely on the specific country's constitutional laws and the nature of the government's collapse

Which branch does Locke consider supreme, and why?

legislative branch supreme because it is the embodiment of the people's will and the source of all other government power

What limitations does Locke place on the legislative power?

equiring it to rule according to established laws, not arbitrary commands; to act only for the public good; and to be unable to take property without consent.

What are the implications of express consent, and how can one withdraw it?

If a person gives express consent, the state has legitimate authority over them.

end-(locke)the connection between labor and property in Locke's theory.

labor is the source of private property

start-(hobbs)-How does Hobbes describe life in the "state of nature" before government?

In Hobbes' memorable description, life outside society would be 'solitary, poor, nasty, brutish, and short'

What are Hobbes' definition "right of nature"

the liberty each person has to use their own power as they see fit to preserve their own life

How is the sovereign created through the social contract?

when individuals give up some of their natural rights and freedom to a central authority in exchange for security and order

What is the sovereign's role in relation to law?

is to be the ultimate source of legal authority, holding the power to create, enforce, and interpret laws

What does Hobbes mean by the sovereign not being a party to the covenant

the sovereign does not make a promise to the subjects in the social contract and is not bound by it

How does Hobbes define justice, and how does it differ from Plato's definition?

Hobbes defines justice as the keeping of covenants or agreements within a social contract, an artificial virtue necessary for civil society, while Plato defines justice as an internal and external harmony where each individual and each class in society does its own job and nothing else

What is the source of civil law, according to Hobbes?

According to Hobbes, civil law is the command of the sovereign, which is established through a social contract to escape the "war of all against all" in the state of nature

end-(hobbs)How does Hobbes argue that all individuals are naturally equal?

first, in their physical and mental faculties, and second, in their capacity for self-preservation

start-(plato)-What are the virtues of a just city?

e wisdom, courage, moderation, and justice

end-(plato)Who should be the rulers of the just city, and why?

a just city should be philosopher-kings because they are the most just and possess the knowledge necessary to govern for the good of the city, not for personal gain

start-(socarates)-Why does Socrates believe the rulers must be philosophers

they are the only ones with the knowledge and virtue to govern justly

How does Socrates argue that the just person is happier than the unjust person?

justice is a harmonious state of the soul where reason rules over spirit and appetite

Why does he believe death is not to be feared?

he saw it as a lack of knowledge and two equally acceptable possibilities: a dreamless sleep or a journey to the afterlife

Who does Socrates consider the true loser of his conviction?

the jurors

start-(funeral)-What is Pericles' funeral oration speech compared to

Abraham Lincoln's Gettysburg Address

Who is the funeral ortion for?

Athenian citizen-soldiers who died in the early years of the Peloponnesian War against Sparta

Who wrote pericles funeral oration?

Thucydides

end-(funeral)-Who delivered Pericles' funeral oration?

Pericles'

start-(constant)-What factors led to the shift from ancient to modern liberty?

Commerce, state size, public v private

How does Constant view the relationship between individual interest and public action?

He believes modern liberty allows for the peaceful enjoyment of private interests and he sees a link between the understanding of interest and the formation of public opinion through careful explanation.

Why does Constant criticize writers like Rousseau?

Benjamin Constant criticized Jean-Jacques Rousseau's political theories, particularly his concept of the "general will," for creating a path toward modern despotism and justifying the excesses of the French Revolution's Reign of Terror. For Constant, Rousseau's ideas, which were based on an ancient model of participatory politics, failed to account for the realities of modern, commercial society and placed too much power in the hands of the collective.

end-(constant)-Reason why we have last time for politics

moderns lack slaves and focus on commerce (we go to work, they had slaves do the work