History Notes Flashcards

Flashcards about Europe in the 13th Century, the Black Plague, Peasant Revolts, The Hundred Years War, Growth of England’s Political Institutions, Problems of French Kings, German Monarchy, States of Italy, Boniface VIII, The Papacy in Avignon, The Great Schism, New Thoughts on the Church, Popular Religion, Changes in Theology, Vernacular Literature, Giotto, Changes in Urban Life, New Directions for Medicine, Inventions and New Patterns, The Renaissance, Economic Recovery, Families, Italian Renaissance, Diplomacy, Secularism, Individualism, Humanism, French & Spanish Empires, Mercantilism, Voyages to the New World, Treaty of Tordesillas, European Expansion, and prelude to reformation.

Little Ice Age

Europe experienced a period of colder temperatures and harsher climates in the 13th century.

Great Famine

A period between 1315 and 1317 where Europe experienced widespread starvation, leading to the death of approximately 10% of Europe's population.

Black Plague

The devastating pandemic that struck Europe between 1347 and 1351, leading to the death of an estimated 25%-50% of Europe's population.

Bubonic Plague

Spread by animals to humans.

Mnemonic Plague

Spread from humans to other humans.

Flagellants

A religious group who believed that the plague was a curse from God. They would starve and hurt themselves to earn praise from God and stop the plague.

Higher mortality rates

Cities with high populations had these during the plague.

The Plague

Led to rising labor prices and aristocrats trying to lower them back to normal.

Statute of Laborers

An English law passed in 1351 which made the rapid increase of wages stabilize after the plague.

Abuse of power by the upper class

Peasants revolted in England and France for these reasons.

Poll tax

Attempted to implement this tax in England.

Increased freedom, wages, and lowered rent

The Lower class gained these after the plague.

Hundred Years War

Began because of political disputes between monarchs of both England and France.

Glascony

The French attacked this English land which began the war.

Longbows

The English preferred using these over crossbows.

The Black Prince

Led campaigns through France, burned crops and towns, and stole things of value.

Peace of Brétigny

France paid ransom to King John, expanded the English territory in France, and gave up the territory of French claim in England under what peace?

Battle of Agincourt

The English invaded France when at what battle?

Joan of Arc

Persuaded Charles to lead an army to Orleans and liberated Orleans.

Cannon

The French used this weapon to help defeat the English and win the war.

Edward III

The parliamentary system in England was formed during his reign.

House of Lords

High-ranking people/upper class in the English parliament.

House of Commons

Everybody else besides the wealthy in the English parliament.

Estates-General

The French parliament.

Philip VI

He implemented taxes on the people of France (middle and lower classes).

Dukes of Orleans and Burgundy

Fought to control the French monarchy.

Golden Bull

An agreement which gave states more power than a larger ruler, similar to the Articles of Confederation in the US.

Condottieri

Leaders of mercenary soldiers who provided their services for money.

Popolo Grasso

The wealthy merchant-industrialist population in Florence. Meaning “fat people”.

All European Governments

The Roman Catholic Church thought that it had supreme power over whom?

French King Philip IV

He claimed the right to tax the clergy of the Church.

Rome

Pope Gregory XI returned where due to Cathrine’s pleas?

Marsiglio of Padua

Argued that the Church should stay separate from the State and have their beliefs private, like a second community.

Conciliar Movement

A belief that only a general council of the church could end the schism and bring reform to the church.

Mysticism

The immediate experience of oneness with God from Christians.

William of Occam

Suggested that all general concepts were simply names and that only individual objects perceived by the senses were real.

Vernacular Literature

Literature written in common language/language understood by common people.

Dante Alighieri

An Italian writer who wrote “Divine Comedy” which was about hell, purgatory, and heaven or paradise.

Francesco Petrarca

Italian, and considered one of the best European lyric poets.

Giovanni Boccaccio

Best known work was the "Decameron” which was based on romance and basic Christian values.

Geoffrey Chaucer

Brought sophistication to literature with Canterbury Tales.

Christine de Pizan

She needed to write to support her family after her husband's death, and wrote about how women were equal to men.

Giotto

Brought new life to paintings by being very realistic.

Men/Husbands

Led people to think of family as more important and started getting married young. They were viewed as dominant and women submissive.

Clergymen & Physicians

Stated that good health meant that the four humors of the human body were in balance, sickness meant that the four humors were out of balance.

Clocks

These revolutionized how people judged time. They were placed on towers and churches.

Jacob Burckhardt

Created the modern concept of the Renaissance in his novel “The Civilization of the Renaissance in Italy”. Also coined the term Renaissance.

Leon Battista Alberti

Architect from Florence who had ideas of human dignity and potential.

Hanseatic League or Hansa

Northern German towns that formed a commercial and military association.

The Medici Family

Family based in Florence and was very rich. The House of Medici was the greatest bank in Europe.

Nobles

Ideas expected by the noble or aristocratic and were represented in the novel “The Book of Courtier”.

Patricians

The urban society that owned businesses and controlled their communities economically and politically.

Petty Burghers

The urban society that was like shopkeepers and artisans, whose job was to provide goods and services.

Marriages

Used often for strengthening business and combining families for economic reasons.

Father/Husband

Was the center of the family. The provider and manager of all the finances, gave his last name, and he had legal authority over his children until he died or formally freed them

Fedrigo de Montefeltro

Husband of Battisa Sforza. He ruled Urbino from 1444 to 1482 revived a classical education, learned fighting, and was a reliable and honest general.

Battisa Sforza

Wife of Fedrigo, ruled Urbino when he was gone and was respected.

Isabella d’Este

Was an important figure in Mantua. She was respected for being intelligent and amassed one of the finest libraries in the world.

Francesco Sforza

A condottieri, became the new ruler of the duchy of Milan.

Ludovico Sforza

Invited the French to intervene in Italian politics.

Niccolo Machavelli

Was a Florentine diplomat, politician, historian, philosopher, humanist, and writer of the Renaissance period. He is considered the founder of modern political science.

Secularism

The principle of seeking to conduct human affairs based on naturalistic considerations, uninvolved with religion.

Individualism

The moral stance, political philosophy, ideology, and social outlook that emphasizes the intrinsic worth of the individual.

Francesco Petrarch

His rediscovery of Cicero's letters is often credited with initiating the 14th-century Italian Renaissance and the founding of Renaissance humanism.

Leonardo Bruni

A humanist and patriot wrote a biography of cicero titled “The new Cicero”.

Marsilio Ficino

Dedicated his life to the translation of Plato and the exposition of the Platonic philosophy known as Neoplatonism

Neoplatonism

A modern term used to designate the period of Platonic philosophy beginning with the work of Plotinus and ending with the closing of the Platonic Academy by the Emperor Justinian in 529 C.E.

Giovanni Pico della Mirandola

One of the first to resurrect the humanism of ancient Greek philosophy. Wrote the “Oration and dignity of Man.

Isotta Nogarola

Said to be the first major female humanist and one of the most important humanists of the Italian Renaissance

Laura Cereta

The first to put women’s issues and her friendships with women front and center in her work.

Francesco Guicciardini

An Italian historian and statesman. A friend and critic of Niccolò Machiavelli, he is considered one of the major political writers of the Italian Renaissance.

New sense of nationalism

The French had this after the hundred years' war and was due to their common enemy, england.

Ferdinand of Aragon

His marriage to Isabella of Castile was a major step in the direction of Spanish unification.

Expulsion of the Jews and Muslims

These acts strengthened the Spanish kingdom’s bond with the church and made them a better power in europe.

Portolani

Charts made by medieval navigators and mathematicians.

Prince Henry the Navigator

Began to explore Africa.

Vasco de Gama

First European to sail to India, and he brought back spices in addition to other valuable resources.

Mercantilism

An economic policy that encouraged nation-states to promote commercial development and the acquisition of colonies to enhance state power.

Jean-Babtiste Colbert

Defined mercantilism

Bullionism

The belief that a nation's economic stability is dependent on the amount of gold and silver it had.

Favorable Balance of Trade

A country should export more than they import.

Columbian Exchange

The exchange of plants, animals, and diseases between the Eastern Hemisphere and Western Hemisphere.

Christopher Columbus

Believed that he could reach Asia by sailing West from Europe.

John Cabot

Explored the New England coastline.

Amerigo Vespucci

Wrote about the geography of the New World.

Ferdinand Magellan

Made the First known circumnavigation of the earth through the Magellan strait.

Treaty of Tordesillas

Split South America between Portugal and Spain.

The Maya civilisation and The Aztecs

The civiliations in Mesoamerica before Spain got there.

The Aztecs

The civilization that made their capital in Tenochtitlan

Hernan Cortez

Marched to Tenochtitlan and made alliances with other states who disliked the Aztecs along the way.

Moctezuma

The leader of the Aztecs.

The Inca

Located in the mountains in southern Peru. Led by Pachakuti, they took over a large region. Capital is Cuzco.

Francisco Pizarro

Took over the incan empire and established a colony.

Smallpox

Main disease that the natives suffered from

Boers

Dutch farmers who settled at the Cape of Good Hope.

Mediterranean Sea to the Atlantic Ocean

Europe's economic shift during the age of exploration

Middle Passage

The journey for the slave ships from Africa to the Americas

The Mughal Dynasty

Dynasty that was founded by Babur (1483-1530)

Lord Macartney's mission

A British mission that insulted the chinese empire and attempted to ask to come in more

Tokugawa Ieyasu (Japan)

Closed the ports to europeans.