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Aaron Beck (1967)
views cognitive factors as the major cause of depressive behaviour
automatic thoughts
sub-vocal semi-conscious narrative that accompanies everything you do
cognitive behavioural therapy (CBT)
becoming aware of irrational thought elements and replacing them with more rational thinking
Alloy et al (1999)
split into low and high risk group based on if negative cognitive styles exist, found high risk group more likely to develop MDD
Caseras et al (2007)
looked at 3 pictures, found participants with depressive symptoms exhibit negative attention bias
Hammen and Krantz (1976)
found women with MDD had more logical fallacies than non-depressed women (read story)
Brown and Harris (1978)
based on semi-structured-survey - found four vulnerability factors that, when combined with acute or chronic social stressors were likely to provoke depression in women
Rosenquist, Fowler, and Christakis (2011)
investigated the possibility of person-to-person spread of depressive symptoms, found depression in one person causes depression in their friends
severity of the disorder
assessing treatment effectiveness must take into account:
one treatment may be effective but wouldn’t be for severe cases
treatment outcomes
assessing treatment effectiveness must take into account:
assessing effectiveness depends on what outcomes are explored
measuring the therapy outcome
assessing treatment effectiveness must take into account:
some measurements for therapy outcomes are unreliable
exact mechanism of change
assessing treatment effectiveness must take into account:
if effects are positive, what therapeutic elements are responsible
placebo effect
assessing treatment effectiveness must take into account:
this approach must outperform placebo
Eyesench (1952)
published study that said psychotherapy doesn’t work
Smith and Glass (1977)
conducted a meta-analysis of psychotherapy, found 75% of patients are better if they hadn’t gone
Wampold (2007)
compared psychotherapy with medicine, found it’s as effective as pharmacological treatments
non-specific factors of psychotherapy
therapeutic influences associated with a wide range of approaches
dismantling design
hypothesized “active ingredients” are removed from the standardized treatment program and the result is compared to the “full” treatment
Jacobson et al (1996)
used dismantling design, found incomplete treatment wasn’t worse than full one
sudden gains
early dramatic treatment responses in psychotherapy that occur earlier than predicted
client’s willingness to trust
one of the 3 essential factors of successful psychotherapy:
therapist variables may be more important than treatment variables
working alliance
assessing treatment effectiveness must take into account:
readiness of the client or work collaboratively with the therapist
placebo effect
assessing treatment effectiveness must take into account:
placebo effect should be isolated in research
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