AP HUG TERM 1 FINAL

Non-renewable resources

Natural resources that are available on Earth in finite quantities and will eventually be used up

Spatial patterns

The arrangement of objects or features on Earths subject

Space

The areas we occupy as humans have no value until the people who inhibit them make it their own

Nuclear energy

Safest and cost-efficient types of energy

Regional identity

awareness of belonging to a group of people in a region

Irrigation

Divert water from poor areas to wealthy to help plants grow

Inuit traits

language, religion, economy, social organization, and types of dwelling

Interdependence

The ties established between regions and countries that over time collectively create a global economic system that is not necessarily based on equality

Regional Analysis

The process of examining patterns and processes within and between regions at multiple geographic scales (local, national, regional and global)

Sense of place

How a person feels about a particular place and why it is important to them

Data aggregation

The process of collecting and summarizing data from multiple sources to analyze patterns

Cultural landscape

The visible, tangible result of the relationship between humans and their environment, encompassing all the ways people have shaped and modified a landscape

Cultural ecology

The study of the interactions between societies and their local enviornment

Time-space compression

The decreasing distance between places, as measured by travel time or cost, is often summarized by the phrase “the world is shrinking”

Time distance decay

The idea that the farther away something is, the less likely it is that an interaction will occur

Contested boundaries

boundaries are the subject of dispuse

Perceptual/Vernacular Region

A geographical area that is perceived to exist by its inhabitants based on the widespread acceptance and use of a unique regional name

Regional Scale Analysis

Geographical scale that identifies and analyzes geographic phenomena within a particular region

Peters projection

A map projection that preserves area size but distorts shape

Stimulus Diffusion

Occurs when a specific trait is rejected, but the underlying idea is accepted

Map legend

A guide that explains the symbols, colors, and lines used on a map (key)

Functional region

A geographical area that has been organized to function politically, socially, culturally to economically as one unit

Map

A two-dimensional representation of Earth’s surface or part of it

Logging

Loss of natural habits for wildlife, burning coal to creek energy, leading to remendous amounts of pollution

Friction of distance

The inhibiting effect of distance on the intensity and volume of most forms of human interaction; time-space compression diminishes friction of distance

Local scale analysis

Geographic scale that identifies and analyzes geographic phenomena within a state or province, a city or town, or a neighborhood

Toponym

Name given to a place on the Earth (generic or specific)

Place

How we modify space based on who we are as a group of people

Dot density map

A map that uses dots to represent the frequency of a feature or event

Dispersed concentration

Objects in an area being relatively far apart

Diffusion

The pattern by which a phenomenon such as the movement of people, or their ideas, technologies, or preferences, spreads from a particular location through space and time

Glocalization

Adapting practices to fit local cultural practices and preferences

Relative direction

Directions based on peoples perception

Relative location

The position of one person (or place) in relation to the position of another person (or place)

Global scale

Geographic scale that looks at geographic phenomena across the world

Global Positioning Systems (GPS)

A system that uses satellites to show your exact location on Earth

Geographic processes

The physical and human forces that work together to form and transform the world

Mental map

Individual identifies a specific region which allows people creating them to identify important places

Mashups

Sites that combine number of data sources to new services

Geographic Information System (GIS)

A computer system that stores, analyzes, and shows maps and data about places

Map projection

A method of representing the Earth’s curved surface on a flat map

Absolute direction

Cardinal directions (N,E,S,W) that are universally fixed

Environmental perception

The mental images that compromise humans perception of nature; environmental perception may be accurate or innacurate

Activity space

Where a person goes and what he or she does on a day-to-day basis

Energy production

Solar energy, energy, hydroelectric power and geothermal energy all make

Scale

The relationship between distance on a map and distance on Earth’s surface

Elevation

The height of a location above sea level

Ecosystem

A territorially bounded system consisting of the interactions between humans and the environment

Glocal Perspective

A geographic perspective that acknowledges the two-way relationship between local communities and global patterns, emphasizing that the forces of globalization need to take into account local-scale cultural, economic, and environmental conditions

Ecology

A biological science concerned with studying the complex relationships among living organisms and their physical environments

Relative distance

How far apart places feel, based on cost, time, or effort to reach

Possibilism

The belief that any physical environment offers several possible ways for a society to develop, and that humans can find ways to overcome environmental challenges

Greenhouse effects

The global warming trend caused by rising levels of carbon dioxide (CO2)

Contagious Diffusion

The wavelike spread of ideas in the manner of a contagious disease or forest fire, moving throughout space without regard for hierarchy

Metropolitan Areas

Heavily populated urban core and less populated surrounding areas

Mercator projection

A cylindrical map projection that preserves area size but distorts shape

Robinson projection

A compromise projection that balances shape and size, often used for world maps

Goode Homolosine projection

A projection that minimizes distortion by using “interupted” sections of the map

Choropleth map

A map that uses color shading to represent data values

Spatial patterns

Looking at patterns of human and physical geography across space

Census

An official population count, usually including demographic information

Cartogram

A map where the size of areas is distorted to show a specific value

Aerial photography

Remote-sensing photography that produces fine-grained, highly detailed photos

Independent Invention

Same/close innovation is developed at the same time in different places

Human geography

The study of how humans interact with shape, and are influenced by the Earth’s surface

Hierarchical Diffusion

When ideas leap frog from one important person, bypassing other people

Greenhouse gases

Compounds in the atmosphere from fossil-fuel combustion, such as Carbon dioxide (CO2), that absorbs and traps heat energy close to Earth’s surface

Region

An area of land defined by one or more shared human or physical characteristcs

Proportional Symbol Map

A map that uses symbols of different sizes to represent data values

Absolute location

The exact spot on Earth where something is found, usually given by latitude and longitude

Satellite imagery

Pictures of Earth taken by satellites from space

Relocation Diffusion

When individuals or groups with a particular idea or practice migrate from one location to another, thereby bringing the idea or practice to their new homeland

Absolute distance

The exact measurement of space between two points (miles, km)

Remote sensing

Collecting information about Earth from far away, usually with satellites or aircraft

Renewable resources

Natural resources that Earth will naturally replenish over time

Reverse Hierarchical Diffusion

Ideas leapfrog from lower level of hierarchy to a higher level

Expansion Diffusion

Occurs when ideas or practices spread throughout a population, from area to area, in a snowballing process, so that the total number of knowers or users and the areas of occurrence increase

Fieldwork

Collecting geographic data directly by observing and recording in a real-world location

Formal region

A geographical area inhabited by people who have one or more traits in common

National Scale Analysis

Geographical scale that identifies and analyzes, geographic phenomena within a specific country

Natural resources

Materials or substances that occur in nature and can be used for economic gain

Nodes

Functions are coordinated and directed (city halls)

Reference map

A map that shows general information about places (boundaries, roads, cities)

Polar Projection

A map projection that looks down at Earth from the perspective of one of the poles (North or South)

Longitude

The vertical lines on Earth’s surface that mark imaginary circles connecting the North and South pole

Latitude

The horizontal lines circling Earth parallel to the equator; latitude is the degree of Distance North or South from the equator, which is at 0 degrees, as far as the poles, which are at 90 degrees

Isoline

On a map a line that connects or links different places that share a common or equal value, such as elevation

Globalization

The process by which businesses and other organizations develop international influence or start operating of an international scale

Sustainability

The group of practices that meet the needs of the present without compromising future generations ability to meet their needs

Topographic map

A graphic representation of the three dimensional configuration on Earth’s surface

Thematic map

A map that shows data about a specific theme or topic

Environmental Determinism

The belief that the physical environment is the dominant force shaping cultures and that humanity is a passive product of its physical surroundings

Border zone

A region where cultural markers overlap and blend into a recognizable border culture

Absorbing barriers

Barriers that completely halt diffusion

Accent

A way of pronouncing words

Acculturation

Occurs when an ethnic or immigrant group adopts enough of the ways of the host society to be able to function economically and socially

Animistic religion

A faith that subscribes to the idea that souls or spirits exist not only in humans but also in animals, plants, rocks, natural phenomena such as thunder, geographic features such as mountains or rivers, and other entities of the natural environment

Assimilation

Occurs when an ethnic or immigrant group blends in with the host culture and loses many culturally distinctive traits

Bilingualism

The ability to speak two languages fluently

Colonialism

The act of forcefully controlling a foreign territory, which becomes known as a colony