Micro Exam 3

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448 Terms

1

DNA --> RNA --> protein

major dogma

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constant production

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regulate transcription

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degrade RNA

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regulate translation

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regulate enzyme activity

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degrade protein

major modes of regulation

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8

constant poduction

constitutive proteins are needed at the same level at all times

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9

regulate transcription and enzyme activity

two most important modes of regulation

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10

regulation of transcription

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post-translational regulation

two major levels of regulation in the cell

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regulation of transcription

major; regulates amount of a protein; slower (minutes)

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regulation of translation

similar to regulation of transcription but is minor

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post-translational regulation

regulate activity of preexisiting proteins; very fast (seconds)

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15

DNA binding proteins

atoms involved in protein-DNA interaction

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requires regulatory sequences that are many times adjacent to the promoter

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transcription

DNA binding proteins are central to regulation of

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helix-turn-helix motif

one of the most common DBP

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two per monomer

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nonpolar forces between helices stabilize motif

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21

regulation helix

first helix in the helix-turn-helix motif that forms H bonds with bases in the major groove

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major groove

main site of protein binding on the DNA

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stabilizing helix

second helix in the helix-turn-helix motif

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zinc finger

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leucine zipper

other common DBP

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inverted repeats

frequently are binding sites for homodimeric regulatory proteins

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27

small molecules

influence the binding of regulatory proteins to DNA through allosteric interactions, covalent modifications, etc.

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zinc fingers

contain protein structure that binds a Zn ion

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three can bind to DNA

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leucine zippers

leucine residues are spaced every 7 amino acids and interact to form a homodimer

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blocking or activation of transcription

DNA binding by a protein can lead to

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operator

the piece of DNA that overlaps the promoter site and serves as the on-off switch

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activator-binding site

nucleotide sequence that precedes an ineffective promoter

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does not have to be adjacent to promoter

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thought to change DNA conformation

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operon

composed of binding sites, genes, and regulatory elements

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promoter

can be strong or weak

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can bind dominant or alternaive sigma factors

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repressor

homodimeric DBP

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negative control

regulatory mechanism that stops transcription

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repression

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induction

types of negative control

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repression (arg operon)

repressor inactive (not bound to signal)

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cannot bind to operator

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transcription proceeds

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repressor active (bound to signal)

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binds to operator

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blocks transcription

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induction (lac operon)

repressor active (not bound to signal)

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binds to operator

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blocks transcription

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repressor inactive (bound to signal)

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cannot bind to operator

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transcription

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LacI

lac operon repressor

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repression

preventing synthesis of an enzyme in response to a signal (bound --> active)

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anabolic enzymes

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enzymes not synthesized when not needed

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induction

synthesis is prevented in absence of a signal (not bound --> active)

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catabolic enzymes

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enzymes synthesized only when needed

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activation

form of positive control

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activation (mal operon)

activator inactive (not bound to signal)

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cannot bind to activator binding site

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no transcription

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activator active (bound to signal)

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binds to activator binding site

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transcription

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MalT

mal operon activator

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activator protein

helps RNAP recognize promoter

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may cause change in DNA structure

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may interact directly with RNAP

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regulon

multiple operons controlled by same regulatory protein

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positive and negative control

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maltose regulon

has 4 maltose operons under control of same activator

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global regulation

simultaneous regulations of many different genes

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CRP

cAMP receptor protein

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global regulatory element

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functions as activator protein in lac operon, needed in active form for transcription

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catabolite repression

not using the less energetic carbon source

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glucose

inhibits activity and synthesis of cAMP by inhibiting adenylate cyclase

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cAMP cannot bind to and activate CRP

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no transcription

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transcription proceeds

CRP and lactose in lac operon

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no transcription

glucose present (no active CRP) and lactose absent (repression) in lac operon

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low expression

glucose present (no active CRP) and lactose present (no repression) in lac operon

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transcription proceeds

glucose absent (cAMP, active CRP) and lactose present (no repression) in lac operon

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flagellar genes

controlled by catabolite repression

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cAMP

key molecule in many metabolic control systems

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derived from nucelic acid percursor

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NrpR blocks TFB and TBP binding (no transcription)

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NrpR binds alpha-ketoglutarate

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NrpR released, TFB and TBP bind (transcription)

regulation of N metabolism in Archaea

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Pyrococcus furiosus

uses a single regulatory protein to switch between fermentation and sulfur reduction

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no sulfur --> active, activates transcription of hydrogenase which represses transcription

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sulfur --> inactive (oxidized)

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NrpR

example of archaeal repressor protein from Methanococcus moripaludis

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