Studied by 3 people
Country
an identifiable land area often connected to an independent state
State
a population under an autonomous government
Nation
group of people who share a common genetic or cultural heritage
Stateless nations
Nations without political/government recognition
Nationalism
intense pride of one’s nation, people, and history
Physical boundaries
distance, mountain ranges, deserts, rivers, and forests
Confederations
larger countries made up of smaller political entities
Microstates
tiny countries sharing a border with other countries
Sovereign government
government controlling land and possessing authority over its people
Citizenship
legal identification of belonging to a particular country
Naturalization
the process of becoming a citizen
Diplomatic/consular missions
buildings providing services for citizens abroad
Enclave
an area that is home to an ethnic minority; a territory completely surrounded by the territory of one other state
Exclave
part of a state geographically separate from the main part
UNCLOS
UN law creating standard ocean boundaries
International Whaling Moratorium
prohibits harpooning of whales
EEZ
Exclusive Economic Zones
1652 Act of Union
produced border between England and Scotland
Superimposed borders
arbitrarily decided borders that are often disputed
Kuril Islands
contested by Japan and the Soviet Union after World War II
Ganges-Brahmaputra Delta
changes in physical landscapes can create border confusion like the borders of India and Bangladesh
Operational Dispute
opposing countries/groups each attempt to stall/interfere with borders
Allocational dispute
factions competing to control natural resources along a border
Conference of Berlin (1884-1885)
established colonial borders based on the desires of European rulers
“Tyranny of the Map”
describes European tyranny over the map of Africa and its borders
Kashmir
officially controlled by India while being claimed by Pakistan (and China)
Algerian War of Independence
changed France’s “borders” to be only on the European continent
Morphology
physical shape of a territory
Annex
forcefully incorporating lands under their control
Incorporation
the process where residents of an annexed territory are given citizenship by the country they are becoming a part of
Supranational organization
two or more sovereign nations in a formal alliance
Hanseatic League
medieval commercial and defense group
League of Nations
formed after World War I by Woodrow Wilson
United Nations
the world’s primary multinational organization
NATO
North Atlantic Treaty Organization
Warsaw Pact
agreement formed by the Soviet Union in response to NATO
European Coal and Steel Community
united France, Italy, West Germany, Luxembourg, and Belgium for limited free trade
Tariffs
taxes imposed on foreign goods
European Union
the largest supranational organization with 27 members
Schengen Agreement
opened borders to new EU members
European Court of Justice
appeals court in Luxembourg taking up commercial and civil rights issues from EU members
Brexit
referendum vote where Britain would leave the EU
NAFTA
North American Free Agreement ended tariffs between the US, Canada, and Mexico
Zapatista Uprising
protests against the enactment of NAFTA policies based on cheaper, government-subsidized US products
Atlantic Charter
document which stated the intent to make the world safe for democracy
Athens
known as the birthplace of democracy
Democracy
derived from Greek meaning “commoner’s rule.” People make decisions in politics and government.
Representative democracy
citizens do not serve directly but elect representatives
Direct democracy
male property owners over 20 could vote and be involved
Age of Enlightenment
intellectual movement throughout the 17th and 18th centuries in Europe
Subject (vs. citizen)
a member of a state under a monarch, controlled by the monarch’s power and didn’t have any political representation
Glorious Revolution
occurred in Britain in 1688 and added to the Magna Carta. It limited the throne’s power and granted more to Parliament.
Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen
French constitution formed from the French Revolution
Apartheid
legal racial segregation in South Africa. Black citizens couldn’t vote, but mixed race and Indian citizens had limited voting rights.
Seneca Falls Convention
the first women's rights convention in 1848
Suffragette
a women’s suffrage activists
Bicameral legislature
two-body legislature
Electoral College
system involving electoral delegates from each state, ultimately deciding the presidential outcome
Gerrymandering
redrawing districts to better suit a party, candidate, or outcome
Political economy
the study of economics in the context of a political entity’s government
Feudalism
a medieval European system where nobles/lords owned land, which was worked on by serfs and peasants.
Guilds
associations of craftsmen in specific trades; oversaw rules, regulations, and practices regarding their trades and services.
Mercantilism
idea that European countries should gain as much wealth (gold) as possible while restricting foreign trade
Adam Smith
economist who published The Wealth of Nations regarding an economic system based on supply and demand.
Capitalism
economic system where trade and industry are under private control with minimal government involvement
Joint stock company
includes multiple investors putting in funds, risk and reward are more evenly distributed
Laissez-faire capitalism
French term “leave alone” referring to an economy with little government involvement
Karl Marx
believed private ownership of the means of production led to the exploitation of workers
Communism
theory involving property and means of production equally shared
Planned/command economy
state controls production rather than a supply and demand system by consumers
Socialism
theory involving state control of major industries and public services available to all citizens
Market socialism (like Yugoslavia)
large industries were publicly owned and workers had some control over how industries were run
Civil conflict
occurs within a sovereign nation-state
American Civil War
fought between the Union (North) and the Confederacy (South) over the issue of slavery
Reconstruction
process of rebuilding the nation in the period after the Civil War
Centripetal forces
points of unity and agreement
Centrifugal forces
create division and conflict within a country
Balkanization
process where an area divides into smaller units based on differences like culture, ethnicity, and religion
Josip Broz Tito
centripetal political force in Yugoslavia
Chechnya
region controlled by Russia but became a semi-independent territory after the fall of the USSR
The Velvet Divorce
peaceful split of Czechoslovakia into 2 separate nations as a result of a referendum vote
Manifest Destiny
idea that God wanted America to expand its territories across North America
Irredentism
a nation or nationality wanting to expand its current territory.
Reunification
restoration of political unity, especially in a formerly divided territory
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Flashcard (22)