Bio chapters 1-3

Biology

Study of living organisms

Characteristics of life

Organization, acquire energy and materials, homeostatic, respond to stimuli, grow and reproduce, have evolutionary characteristics

Organization

Molecule, cell, tissue, organs, organ system, organism

Molecule

Union of 2 or more atoms

Cell

Smallest structural and functional unit of all living organisms

Tissue

Group of cells with common structure and function

Organ

Structure made up of tissues functioning together for a particular task

Organ system

Group of organs working together

Organism

Individual made up of several organs working together

Energy

Capacity to do work

(Organisms do not produce own energy w/o inputs from environment)

Metabolism

Sum of all reactions that occur in an organism

Homeostasis

Maintain constant internal environment

Stimuli

Internal or external factors that elicit a response

Responses may be voluntary or autonomic

Reproduction

Passing on genetic information to the next generation

Development

Series of biological processes that take place between fertilization and death

Growth

Increase in body size

DNA

Genetic material that encodes instructions and traits

Genes

Short sequences within DNA that specify instructions and traits

Mutations

Variations in genes that result from errors in DNA replication

Types of Mutations

Substitutions (swap usual genes out for different sequence)

Deletions ( missing/dead gene)

Insertion (Added gene)

Inversion (inverted sequence)

Evolution

Population/species change over time

Natural selection

Mutation allows for organism survival/reproduction

Adaptations

Mutations that provide a benefit to an organism's survival or reproductive ability

Domains of Life

Bacteria, Archaea, Eukarya

Kingdoms

Protista, Fungi, Plantae, Animalia

Classifications of Animals

vertebrates and invertebrates

Culture

Ability to pass information between generations that isn't genetically coded

ecosystem engineers

species that dramatically alter their environment

(Humans)

Biosphere

Consists of all life on Earth and all parts of the Earth in which life exists, including land, water, and the atmosphere.

Science

Systematic study of the structure & behavior of physical & natural works through observation, experimentation, & testing themes against evidence obtained

Scientific method

System to determine the truth about the natural world

Observation

Formal way of watching the natural world

Hypothesis

Possible explanation for a natural event

Experimental design

Plan to test a specific hypothesis

Experimental variable

Variable being manipulated in an experiment

Responding variable

Variable that is measured to determine if it changes in response to the experimental variable

Control group

Group in an experiment that is held constant

Model organisms

Organisms used in experiments to test hypotheses

Data

Findings in an experiment, often summarized in figures/graphs and tables

Error

Measure of accuracy in data

Statistical significance

Chance that the data findings are not due to random chance

Conclusion

Statement about the results of an experiment

Hypothesis is either..

Supported or not supported

Law

Scientifically accepted theory that has been extensively tested

Theory

Widely accepted hypothesis that hasn't been disproven

Anthropogenic

Caused by humans

Impacts

Environmental effects

Extinction

Disappearance of a species

matter

anything that takes up space and has mass

element

basic building blocks of matter, cannot be broken down by chemical means

atom

smallest unit of an element that still retains chemical and physical properties of the element, made up of protons, neutrons, and electrons

atomic number

number of protons in the nucleus of an atom

mass number

number of protons and neutrons in the nucleus of an atom

atomic mass

actual mass of protons, neutrons, and electrons in an atom

isotopes

members of the same element that have different numbers of neutrons

radioisotopes

isotopes that release various types of energy or radiation

High Cell radiation causes..

tissue damage and can be carcinogenic, or lethal

Properties of water

Polar, hydrogen bonds, high heat capacity, high heat evaporation, solvent, cohesive, adhesive

molecules

when atoms bond together

compounds

when different elements bond

valence shell

outermost shell of electrons in an atom

covalent bond

when atoms share electrons through their valence shells

ion

a positively or negatively charged atom

hydrogen bond

attraction between water molecules created by polarity

high heat capacity

it takes a relatively large amount of energy to change water's temperature

high heat evaporation

it takes a lot of heat to turn water from a liquid to a gas

water is a solvent

polar compounds can be dissolved in water

water is cohesive

water molecules attach to each other

water is adhesive

water molecules attach to surfaces

Hydrogen Bonds

The attraction of a slightly positive, covalently bonded hydrogen to a slightly negative atom in the vicinity

What type of bond is water?

Covalent bond

When water molecules dissolve..

They realize a equal number of hydrogen (H+) and Hydroxide (OH-)

acids

substances that release hydrogen ions in water

bases

substances that take up hydrogen ions or release hydroxide ions in water

buffer

compound that resists changes in pH when an acid or base is added

organic molecules

carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, and nucleic acids

Macromolecules

A molecule that contains many subunits

dehydration synthesis

building macromolecules by connecting subunits and removing water

hydrolysis

breaking down macromolecules by adding water between subunits

carbohydrates

almost universally the energy source for living organisms, have carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen atoms

glucose

a monosaccharide and example of a carbohydrate

monosaccharides

consist of one sugar molecule

disaccharides

consist of two sugar molecules joined by a dehydration synthesis reaction (ex: maltose, sucrose)

polysaccharides

complex carbohydrates consisting of more than two sugar molecules joined by dehydration synthesis reaction

starch

polysaccharides that plants use to store large amounts of glucose

glycogen

polysaccharide that animals use to store large amounts of glucose

cellulose

polysaccharide that plants use for the structure of their cell walls

lipids

type of macromolecule with hydrophobic nonpolar groups, made mostly of carbon and hydrogen